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Questions and Answers
What symptom is associated with riboflavin deficiency?
Which vitamin is involved in carboxylation reactions?
Which sources are rich in biotin?
What is the primary biochemical function of vitamin A?
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Which of the following can cause a deficiency of biotin?
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Which vitamin is exclusively found in animal and microbial sources?
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Which vitamin deficiency can lead to night blindness?
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Which vitamin is critical for blood clotting?
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Which of the following vitamins is an antioxidant?
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What is a common symptom of vitamin D deficiency in children?
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Study Notes
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- Occurs in two forms: FMN (flavin mono nucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine di nucleotide)
- Functions as a coenzyme due to its ability to undergo oxidation-reduction reactions
- Found in green plants, many bacteria, and fungi
- Deficiency symptoms: skin and lips lesions, dark red tongue
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal)
- Comprises three compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine
- Participates in catalyzing reactions of amino acid metabolism: transamination, decarboxylation, and racemization
- Widely distributed in animal and plant sources, including cereal grains
- Deficiency causes weakness of the central nervous system and anemia
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine)
- Has a complex structure
- Found only in animals and microorganisms, not in plants
- Essential for the prevention and treatment of pernicious anemia
- Participates in transmethylation reactions
- Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia
Biotin
- Widely distributed in nature, with yeast and liver as excellent sources
- Bound to its specific enzyme protein, associated with carboxylation reactions
- Deficiency causes weakness, depression, and loss of appetite
- Deficiency can be caused by eating fresh egg albumin, which contains avidin, a protein that reacts with biotin
- Sulpha drugs can also cause biotin deficiency
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinol)
- Formed from the pro-vitamin B-carotene
- Found in green leafy vegetables, milk, animal fat, and liver
- Retinal combines with opsin protein to form rhodopsin, a sensitive protein to light
- Essential for vision
- Deficiency causes night blindness and anemia
Vitamin E (a-Tocopherol)
- Found in plant oils in varying amounts
- Functions as an antioxidant to protect mitochondrial membranes from oxidation by lipid peroxides
- Treats premature infants from damage to blood vessels of skin and eyes
- Deficiency causes dystrophy and impaired fertility in humans
Vitamin D (Calciferol)
- Deficiency causes depletion of calcium and phosphate levels in the body, leading to rickets in children
Vitamin K
- Found in three forms: vitamin K1, K2, and K3
- Vitamin K1 is found in plant sources, while vitamin K2 is formed by bacteria
- Essential for blood clotting, stimulating the synthesis of clotting factors
- Found in plant foods and formed by bacteria in the gut
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Description
This quiz covers the occurrence, functions, and deficiency symptoms of Vitamins B2 (Riboflavin) and B6 (Pyridoxal), including their forms and coenzyme roles.
