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Questions and Answers
What is the precursor of vitamin D3 derived from?
What is the precursor of vitamin D3 derived from?
What is the primary function of calcitriol in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitriol in the body?
What is the result of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the result of vitamin D deficiency in children?
What is the primary function of vitamin E in the body?
What is the primary function of vitamin E in the body?
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What is the result of vitamin K deficiency?
What is the result of vitamin K deficiency?
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What is the function of vitamin C in collagen synthesis?
What is the function of vitamin C in collagen synthesis?
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What is the result of rickets in children?
What is the result of rickets in children?
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What is the function of vitamin C in tyrosine metabolism?
What is the function of vitamin C in tyrosine metabolism?
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What is the primary function of vitamins in the body?
What is the primary function of vitamins in the body?
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Which of the following vitamins is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
Which of the following vitamins is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
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What is the role of retinol in the body?
What is the role of retinol in the body?
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What is the result of hyperkeratinization of the cornea in vitamin A deficiency?
What is the result of hyperkeratinization of the cornea in vitamin A deficiency?
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What is the biologically active form of vitamin D?
What is the biologically active form of vitamin D?
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What is the role of vitamins in the diet?
What is the role of vitamins in the diet?
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What is the result of vitamin A deficiency on the bones and teeth?
What is the result of vitamin A deficiency on the bones and teeth?
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What is the function of rhodopsin pigments in the eye?
What is the function of rhodopsin pigments in the eye?
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What is the primary function of thiamine pyrophosphate in carbohydrate metabolism?
What is the primary function of thiamine pyrophosphate in carbohydrate metabolism?
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What is the primary consequence of vitamin C deficiency?
What is the primary consequence of vitamin C deficiency?
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Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A?
Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A?
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What is the primary role of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinonucleotide (FAD) in vitamin B2 metabolism?
What is the primary role of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinonucleotide (FAD) in vitamin B2 metabolism?
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What is the primary consequence of niacin deficiency?
What is the primary consequence of niacin deficiency?
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What is the active form of folic acid?
What is the active form of folic acid?
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What is the primary function of pyridoxal phosphate in amino acid metabolism?
What is the primary function of pyridoxal phosphate in amino acid metabolism?
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What is the primary consequence of vitamin B1 deficiency?
What is the primary consequence of vitamin B1 deficiency?
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Study Notes
Vitamins
- Vitamins are small organic molecules required in small quantities for various biochemical functions.
- They are essential cofactors for enzymatic reactions and cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells.
- Deficiency in vitamins produces characteristic diseases.
Classification of Vitamins
- Vitamins are divided into two types based on solubility:
- Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K.
- Water-soluble vitamins: C and B complex.
Vitamin A
- Exists in three biologically active forms: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.
- Sources: animal sources like liver, egg yolk, and milk; carotenoids are provitamin A.
- Functions:
- Maintenance of epithelium and mucous membranes.
- Antioxidant activity.
- Formation of healthy connective tissues, bones, and teeth.
- Gene control and regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
- Vision: forms rhodopsin pigments responsible for vision in dim light.
- Deficiency: leads to night blindness, hyperkeratinization, and increased risk of cancer.
Vitamin D
- Biologically active form: calcitriol.
- Sources: liver, egg yolk, and cod liver oil; 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted into vitamin D3 by UV irradiation.
- Functions:
- Regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.
- Increases calcium absorption and reabsorption in the intestine and kidney.
- Deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone (mineralization).
- Deficiency: leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin E
- Function: natural antioxidant preventing peroxidation of polyunsaturated membrane fatty acids.
Vitamin K
- Function: activates blood clotting proteins, factors II, VII, IX, and X.
- Deficiency: leads to defective blood clotting and hemorrhage.
Vitamin C
- Functions:
- Potent antioxidant.
- Absorption of iron by maintaining it in the ferrous state.
- Cofactor for hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in collagen.
- Tyrosine metabolism and synthesis of epinephrine from tyrosine.
- Synthesis of bile acids and steroidogenesis.
- Deficiency: leads to scurvy, characterized by capillary fragility, soft swollen gums, and decreased wound healing.
Vitamin B Complex
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Function: thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) acts as a coenzyme in oxidative decarboxylation reactions in carbohydrate metabolism.
- Deficiency: leads to Beri Beri, characterized by GIT, neurological, and cardiovascular manifestations.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- Function: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinonucleotide (FAD) act as hydrogen carriers.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin or Nicotinic acid)
- Function: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) act as hydrogen carriers.
- Deficiency: leads to Pellagra, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
- Function: required for synthesis of coenzyme A, necessary for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Vitamin B6
- Function: pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is a coenzyme for transamination reactions, required for synthesis and catabolism of amino acids, decarboxylation of amino acids, and in heme synthesis.
Folic Acid
- Function: tetrahydrofolic acid (FH4) acts as a coenzyme in protein metabolism and promotes red blood cell formation.
- Deficiency: leads to Megaloblastic anemia.
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Description
Learn about the importance of vitamins in the body, their role in biochemical functions, and the effects of their deficiency. Discover how vitamins act as cofactors for enzymatic reactions and why they are essential in our diet.
