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Questions and Answers
What is a primary function of Vitamin C?
What is a primary function of Vitamin C?
What is the function of gastric juice?
What is the function of gastric juice?
Which of the following conditions can result from a deficiency of Vitamin B12?
Which of the following conditions can result from a deficiency of Vitamin B12?
Which mineral is the most abundant major mineral in the body?
Which mineral is the most abundant major mineral in the body?
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What is the relationship between obesity and type II diabetes?
What is the relationship between obesity and type II diabetes?
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Why is iodine important for thyroid health?
Why is iodine important for thyroid health?
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What can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
What can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?
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What dietary element is notably low in processed foods?
What dietary element is notably low in processed foods?
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Which substance can interfere with phase I enzymes and help prevent the activation of carcinogens?
Which substance can interfere with phase I enzymes and help prevent the activation of carcinogens?
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What is the average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category called?
What is the average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of people in a particular category called?
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Which of the following vitamins is crucial in preventing scurvy and enhancing iron absorption?
Which of the following vitamins is crucial in preventing scurvy and enhancing iron absorption?
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What disease is caused by severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients?
What disease is caused by severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients?
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What is the storage form of glucose in animals?
What is the storage form of glucose in animals?
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Which cells in the stomach are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCL)?
Which cells in the stomach are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCL)?
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What is the result of insufficient lactase production in an individual?
What is the result of insufficient lactase production in an individual?
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Which of the following is true regarding a diet high in saturated fats?
Which of the following is true regarding a diet high in saturated fats?
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What is primarily affected by a deficiency in thiamine (Vitamin B1)?
What is primarily affected by a deficiency in thiamine (Vitamin B1)?
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What dietary component is essential for the production of micelles in the small intestine?
What dietary component is essential for the production of micelles in the small intestine?
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Which of the following foods is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and is considered part of a heart-healthy diet?
Which of the following foods is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and is considered part of a heart-healthy diet?
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What condition may result from extreme dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea?
What condition may result from extreme dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea?
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How does high sodium levels in blood plasma affect blood pressure?
How does high sodium levels in blood plasma affect blood pressure?
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What disorder is characterized by fluid buildup in tissue, leading to a swollen appearance?
What disorder is characterized by fluid buildup in tissue, leading to a swollen appearance?
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What is a consequence of low dietary fiber intake?
What is a consequence of low dietary fiber intake?
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What is the estimated range of children worldwide suffering from Vitamin A deficiency that leads to blindness, according to health organizations?
What is the estimated range of children worldwide suffering from Vitamin A deficiency that leads to blindness, according to health organizations?
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Study Notes
Vitamins
- Vitamin C is water-soluble and protects against oxidation.
- Vitamin A deficiency can cause birth defects and permanent liver and eye damage.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to low energy, fatigue, shortness of breath, and pernicious anemia. It is only found in animal-based products.
- Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets.
- Vitamin E protects LDL cholesterol, red blood cells, and cell linings in the lungs.
- Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting.
- Folate deficiency can increase the risk of neural tube defects.
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency causes beriberi.
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is destroyed by light.
- Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency causes pellagra, which includes symptoms like scaly skin rash.
Minerals
- Calcium is the most abundant major mineral in the body. It is crucial during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.
- Iron deficiency is the most common worldwide. Iron overdose is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children.
- Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, and both deficiency and toxicity can lead to hypothyroidism and goiter.
- Potassium is a mineral that can help maintain low blood pressure and is found in fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Sodium levels can increase blood pressure and lead to hypertension.
Other Nutrients
- Fiber helps prevent constipation and reduce the risk of colon cancer.
- Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid found in vegetable oils.
- EPA and DHA are made by the body from alpha-linoleic acid.
- Omega-3 fatty acids found in salmon and flaxseed are part of a heart-healthy diet.
Digestion & Metabolism
- Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid, gastric lipase, pepsin, and mucin.
- Chylomicron is a lipoprotein produced by cells lining the small intestine.
- Bile is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
- Micelles are structures composed of bile and phospholipids that prepare dietary fats for absorption.
- Thermic effect of food is the energy expended by the body to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store nutrients.
- Insulin moves glucose into the body's cells after a meal.
- Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels fall too low.
Health Conditions
- **Type II diabetes ** benefits from the same healthy diet as everyone else.
- Inflammation-based arterial changes are a major factor in atherogenesis.
- Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by severely inadequate protein, energy, and nutrient intake.
- Scurvy is prevented by Vitamin C.
- Pernicious anemia is caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Rickets is caused by Vitamin D deficiency.
- Diverticulosis can be caused by a lack of fiber in the diet.
- Edema is characterized by fluid buildup in tissues, causing swelling.
Food & Diet
- Processed foods are typically low in potassium and high in sodium.
- Diets high in simple sugars contribute to dental problems like cavities and gum disease.
- Diets high in saturated fat decrease the removal of LDL cholesterol from the blood.
- Trans fatty acids in the diet are linked to increased LDL cholesterol levels.
- Diets high in oat meals, oat bran, or oat flour may lower the risk of coronary heart disease.
- Isothiocyanates in broccoli interfere with the activation of carcinogens.
- Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon.
Other
- Glycemic index refers to how quickly a food raises blood glucose levels.
- Denaturation is a process that alters the shape and function of proteins.
- Complete protein contains all nine essential amino acids.
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the average daily intake level needed for 97-98% of people in a specific category.
- Lactose intolerance occurs due to insufficient lactase production, leading to problems digesting lactose found in dairy products.
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR) accounts for the majority of our daily energy expenditure.
- 24-hour recall is a common method used to gather dietary information.
- Geographical location influences Vitamin D synthesis.
- Genetic factors contribute 25% to a person's body fat.
- Obesity is defined as a BMI > 25.
- Overweight is defined as a BMI > 23 for Asian populations.
- Ounce-equivalent is a unit used to define serving sizes in the Grain and Protein categories of MyPlate.
- Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals.
- Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential vitamins and minerals with this quiz. Learn about their functions, deficiencies, and food sources. Perfect for students and health enthusiasts looking to enhance their understanding of nutrition.
