Vitamins and Life Stage Considerations
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary use of St. John's Wort?

  • Chronic pain management
  • Severe depression
  • Long-term antibiotic treatment
  • Mild to moderate depression (correct)
  • Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of St. John's Wort?

  • Vivid dreams and insomnia (correct)
  • Hypersensitivity to sunlight (correct)
  • Rapid weight gain
  • Increased appetite
  • What is a significant interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives?

  • Decreases the effectiveness of contraceptives (correct)
  • Increases the effectiveness of contraceptives
  • Has no effect on contraceptives
  • Causes contraceptives to induce menstruation
  • Which condition should not be treated with St. John's Wort due to its potential for serotonin syndrome?

    <p>Combining with antidepressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does St. John's Wort have on the cytochrome P450 system?

    <p>Induce 3A4 isoenzymes, accelerating drug metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of water soluble vitamins?

    <p>They require frequent ingestion to replenish supplies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which recommendation is made for breastfeeding women regarding vitamin intake?

    <p>They should take the same dosage as the RDA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin A in the eye?

    <p>It plays an important role in adaptation to dim light. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vitamin is recommended for children on a vegan diet?

    <p>Vitamins A, B12, D, and riboflavin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin intake is particularly emphasized for women of childbearing age?

    <p>Folic acid supplementation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive intake of which vitamin is associated with congenital abnormalities?

    <p>Vitamin A. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended vitamin for individuals over 50 years of age?

    <p>Vitamin B12. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary fat soluble vitamins?

    <p>Vitamins A, D, E, and K. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first indications of vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Night blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is primarily involved in calcium metabolism and bone health?

    <p>Vitamin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin's deficiency is rare, with most of its sources coming from vegetable oils?

    <p>Vitamin E (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from a severe deficiency of vitamin D in children?

    <p>Rickets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the established indication for vitamin C supplementation?

    <p>Preventing and treating scurvy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High doses of which vitamin can increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke?

    <p>Vitamin E (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main dietary sources of vitamin B12?

    <p>Clams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to glossitis as a presenting symptom?

    <p>Vitamin B12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive vitamin A intake?

    <p>Bone damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors?

    <p>Vitamin K (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with vitamin B1 deficiency?

    <p>Beriberi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is known for its role in reducing blood cholesterol levels?

    <p>Vitamin B3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is associated with preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy?

    <p>Vitamin B9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from vitamin K deficiency in newborns?

    <p>Hemorrhage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from high dose therapy with St. John's Wort?

    <p>Phototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interactions is a consequence of St. John's Wort induction of 3A4 isoenzymes?

    <p>Accelerated metabolism of certain drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological effect is associated with the use of St. John's Wort?

    <p>Vivid dreams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of combining St. John's Wort with other antidepressants?

    <p>Intensified serotonergic transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does St. John's Wort affect the effectiveness of oral contraceptives?

    <p>It can cause breakthrough bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding fat soluble vitamins?

    <p>They can be stored in large amounts in the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommendation for vitamin D intake for breastfed infants?

    <p>400 international units daily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy?

    <p>Multiple congenital abnormalities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population group is specifically recommended to take vitamin B12 supplements?

    <p>Individuals over 50 years of age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important role of vitamin A in the body?

    <p>Adapting the eye to dim light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might children following a vegan diet need additional vitamin supplementation?

    <p>Vitamins A, B12, D, and riboflavin may be lacking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary sources are required to meet requirements for performed vitamin A?

    <p>Foods of animal origin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C?

    <p>They require frequent intake due to minimal storage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins is primarily indicated for the correction of riboflavin deficiency?

    <p>Vitamin B2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common presenting symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Glossitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive intake of which vitamin may lead to serious birth defects and liver injury?

    <p>Vitamin A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for the prevention of megaloblastic anemia due to deficiency?

    <p>Vitamin B9 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of severe vitamin D deficiency in adults?

    <p>Osteomalacia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is associated with increased bleeding tendencies when deficient?

    <p>Vitamin K (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficiency is characterized by symptoms of skin roughness and gastrointestinal issues?

    <p>Vitamin B3 deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is primarily found in citrus fruits and is crucial for iron absorption?

    <p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to xerophthalmia as a potential outcome?

    <p>Vitamin A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin's toxicity can result in hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice in newborns?

    <p>Vitamin K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is noted for being associated with chronic alcohol consumption and thiamine deficiency?

    <p>Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative effect can arise from excessive doses of vitamin E?

    <p>Hemorrhagic stroke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition does excessive vitamin A intake primarily lead to?

    <p>Bone damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    St. John's Wort Use

    Used for mild to moderate depression, topical infections, and pain/inflammation relief.

    St. John's Wort Side Effects

    Includes allergic skin reactions, CNS issues (e.g., insomnia, anxiety), GI discomfort, and fatigue.

    St. John's Wort Drug Interactions

    Induces CYP3A4, impacting many drugs, potentially leading to reduced effectiveness or adverse reactions.

    St. John's Wort & P-Glycoprotein

    Reduces drug levels of some medications due to its influence on P-glycoprotein function.

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    St. John's Wort & Serotonin Syndrome

    Combining St. John's Wort with certain drugs can increase serotonin levels and risk of serotonin syndrome.

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    Fat-soluble vitamins

    Vitamins that can be stored in the body, like vitamins A, D, E, and K.

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    Water-soluble vitamins

    Vitamins that are not stored in the body, needing frequent intake, like vitamin C and most B vitamins.

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    Vitamin A (retinol)

    Plays a role in vision, especially in dim light, along with other body functions.

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    Vitamin A sources

    Found in animal products (preformed Vitamin A) and plant-based foods as provitamin A carotenoids.

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    Vitamin D benefit for older adults

    May provide benefits for bone health and preventing fractures in adults age 65 and older, and postmenopausal women.

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    Vitamin B12 recommendations

    Adults over 50 likely require supplementation due to potential absorption issues.

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    Folic Acid supplementation recommendation during pregnancy

    To prevent neural tube defects.

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    Multivitamin supplement dosage

    Moderate intake is recommended to prevent potential harm from excessive doses.

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    Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

    Early symptoms include night blindness, and severe deficiency can lead to eye diseases like xerophthalmia and keratomalacia, potentially causing blindness.

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    Vitamin A toxicity

    High doses of Vitamin A can cause birth defects, liver damage, and bone problems.

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    Vitamin D deficiency in children

    Rickets is a condition caused by Vitamin D deficiency in children, leading to bone problems.

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    Vitamin D deficiency in adults

    Osteomalacia is a bone disease caused by Vitamin D deficiency in adults.

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    Vitamin E deficiency

    Vitamin E deficiency is rare and has no known role in metabolism.

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    Vitamin K function

    Vitamin K is crucial for blood clotting. It's involved in the production of clotting factors.

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    Vitamin K deficiency

    Vitamin K deficiency leads to bleeding tendencies because it impairs blood clotting.

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    Vitamin K toxicity in newborns

    High doses of Vitamin K can cause serious problems like jaundice and hemolytic anemia in newborns.

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    Vitamin C role

    Vitamin C plays a role in many biochemical reactions, helps iron absorption, and is important for preventing and treating scurvy.

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    Vitamin B3 (niacin) use

    Used medically to lower blood cholesterol and to prevent/treat deficiency.

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    Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

    Deficiency results in a condition called pellagra.

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    Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency symptoms

    Severe deficiency results in beriberi (wet or dry). Wet beriberi involves fluid buildup and heart problems, and dry beriberi is associated with neurological and motor issues.

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    Vitamin B1 (thiamine) use

    Vitmain B1 is essential for carbohydrate metabolism. It's also used for prevention and treatment of thiamine deficiency.

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    Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) function

    Vitamin B12 is essential for carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, and preventing megaloblastic anemia.

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    Fat-soluble vs. Water-soluble Vitamins

    Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the body, while water-soluble vitamins (C and B complex) are not and need frequent replenishment.

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    Why are vitamin supplements risky?

    Excessive intake of some vitamins can lead to toxicity. Fat-soluble vitamins, especially, can accumulate in the body.

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    Vitamin A: key function

    Vitamin A plays a crucial role in vision, especially in low-light conditions.

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    Vitamin D and older adults

    Vitamin D, alongside calcium, is often recommended for adults over 65 and postmenopausal women to support bone health.

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    Vitamin B12 and older adults

    Adults over 50 years of age may require vitamin B12 supplementation as absorption can decline with age.

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    Folic acid during pregnancy

    Folic acid supplementation is crucial for pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects in their babies.

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    Multivitamin dosage

    Moderate dosage of multivitamins is recommended for those taking supplements. Excessive intake can be harmful.

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    St. John's Wort: Phototoxicity Risk

    High doses of St. John's Wort can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight, increasing the risk of sunburn. It's important to wear protective clothing and sunscreen.

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    Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Function

    Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and is used for the prevention and treatment of thiamine deficiency.

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    Study Notes

    Vitamins

    • Vitamins are categorized into two groups: fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C and B complex vitamins, except B12).
    • Water-soluble vitamins, except B12, are not stored extensively, requiring frequent intake.
    • Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in large amounts, minimizing deficiency risk but potentially increasing toxicity with excessive intake.
    • Multivitamin supplements should be used in moderate doses to avoid harm.

    Life Stage Considerations

    • Children: Healthy children with balanced diets generally do not require supplements. Vegans may need A, B12, D, and riboflavin. Breastfed infants are recommended to receive 400 IU of vitamin D.
    • Pregnant Women: Vitamin needs increase during pregnancy. Prenatal vitamins help ensure adequate intake. Excess vitamin A is linked to birth defects. Folic acid is crucial before and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.
    • Breastfeeding Women: Vitamin requirements increase during breastfeeding, but high doses beyond the RDA are generally not recommended.
    • Older Adults: Vitamin D (with calcium) is beneficial for those aged 65+ and postmenopausal women at fracture risk. Vitamin B12 is recommended for those over 50.

    Fat-Soluble Vitamins

    • Vitamin A (Retinol): Critical for dim-light adaptation. Deficiency leads to night blindness and, if severe, xerophthalmia and keratomalacia (potentially causing blindness). Sources include animal products (dairy, meat, fish oil, fish) and provitamin A carotenoids in fruits and vegetables (carrots, cantaloupe, mangoes, spinach, tomatoes, pumpkin, sweet potatoes). High doses can cause birth defects, liver injury, and bone problems.
    • Vitamin D: Important for calcium metabolism and bone health. Deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
    • Vitamin E: Rare deficiency. Vegetable oils are a significant source. High doses may increase hemorrhagic stroke risk.
    • Vitamin K: Crucial for blood clotting (prothrombin and clotting factors). Deficiency leads to bleeding tendencies. Sources are often sufficient in the diet, but deficiency can occur due to low intake or impaired absorption. Used to reverse effects of warfarin overdose. IV vitamin K has potential serious side effects.

    Water-Soluble Vitamins

    • Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Involved in many biochemical reactions, aids iron absorption. Prevention and treatment of scurvy are its main indications. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and other fruits/vegetables are primary sources. Smoking increases Vitamin C requirements. High doses potentially cause nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
    • Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Used medicinally to lower cholesterol. Deficiency (pellagra) can affect the GI tract and nervous system. Present in foods like liver, poultry, fish, potatoes, peanuts, and cereals. High doses cause vasodilation, flushing, dizziness, and nausea.
    • Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): Prevention and treatment of riboflavin deficiency. Dairy, fortified cereals, yogurt, bread are significant sources. Lack of toxicity in humans.
    • Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Crucial for carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency leads to beriberi (wet and dry). Wet beriberi includes fluid retention and heart problems, while dry beriberi involves neurological and motor issues. Chronic alcohol consumption can result in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
    • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Required to treat and prevent deficiency. Found in fortified cereals, meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, and some fruits/vegetables. High doses can cause neurological injury. Drug interactions with levodopa are possible.
    • Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin): Crucial for carbohydrate and fat metabolism, protein synthesis. Treats deficiency due to various causes. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy are good sources. Most common presenting symptoms are macrocytic anemia, neurologic damage, and glossitis. Deficiency caused by factors like bariatric surgery or vegan diets. Low toxicity.
    • Folate (Vitamin B9): Deficiency can harm the developing fetus (neural tube defects). Important for preventing and treating megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency. Sources include beef liver, leafy greens, and other vegetables. Deficiency in pregnancy can result in anencephaly or spina bifida.
    • Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Supplements are often taken but have limited therapeutic uses, as deficiency is rare.
    • Biotin (Vitamin B7): Rare deficiency, sometimes used to treat hair loss and skin conditions.

    St. John's Wort

    • Used for mild/moderate depression. Can also be used topically to treat infections and orally to ease pain/inflammation.
    • Potential risks include allergic reactions, CNS effects (insomnia, anxiety), GI discomfort, fatigue, dry mouth, etc., and phototoxicity with high doses.
    • Drug interactions are significant, including interaction with CYP3A4 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. This can affect the effectiveness of many medications, including oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, warfarin, antiretrovirals, digoxin, calcium channel blockers, steroids, cancer drugs and other neurotransmitters/antidepressants.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential knowledge about vitamins, including their classification into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. It also discusses the specific vitamin needs at different life stages such as childhood, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Understanding these concepts is crucial for proper nutrition and health.

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