Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary use of St. John's Wort?
What is a primary use of St. John's Wort?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of St. John's Wort?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of St. John's Wort?
What is a significant interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives?
What is a significant interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives?
Which condition should not be treated with St. John's Wort due to its potential for serotonin syndrome?
Which condition should not be treated with St. John's Wort due to its potential for serotonin syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does St. John's Wort have on the cytochrome P450 system?
What effect does St. John's Wort have on the cytochrome P450 system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of water soluble vitamins?
What is a characteristic of water soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which recommendation is made for breastfeeding women regarding vitamin intake?
Which recommendation is made for breastfeeding women regarding vitamin intake?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of vitamin A in the eye?
What is the primary function of vitamin A in the eye?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of vitamin is recommended for children on a vegan diet?
What type of vitamin is recommended for children on a vegan diet?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin intake is particularly emphasized for women of childbearing age?
Which vitamin intake is particularly emphasized for women of childbearing age?
Signup and view all the answers
Excessive intake of which vitamin is associated with congenital abnormalities?
Excessive intake of which vitamin is associated with congenital abnormalities?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended vitamin for individuals over 50 years of age?
What is the recommended vitamin for individuals over 50 years of age?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the primary fat soluble vitamins?
What are the primary fat soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the first indications of vitamin A deficiency?
What is one of the first indications of vitamin A deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is primarily involved in calcium metabolism and bone health?
Which vitamin is primarily involved in calcium metabolism and bone health?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin's deficiency is rare, with most of its sources coming from vegetable oils?
Which vitamin's deficiency is rare, with most of its sources coming from vegetable oils?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can result from a severe deficiency of vitamin D in children?
What condition can result from a severe deficiency of vitamin D in children?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the established indication for vitamin C supplementation?
What is the established indication for vitamin C supplementation?
Signup and view all the answers
High doses of which vitamin can increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke?
High doses of which vitamin can increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the main dietary sources of vitamin B12?
What is one of the main dietary sources of vitamin B12?
Signup and view all the answers
Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to glossitis as a presenting symptom?
Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to glossitis as a presenting symptom?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of excessive vitamin A intake?
What is a potential consequence of excessive vitamin A intake?
Signup and view all the answers
What vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors?
What vitamin is crucial for the synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is associated with vitamin B1 deficiency?
What is associated with vitamin B1 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is known for its role in reducing blood cholesterol levels?
Which vitamin is known for its role in reducing blood cholesterol levels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is associated with preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy?
Which vitamin is associated with preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can result from vitamin K deficiency in newborns?
What condition can result from vitamin K deficiency in newborns?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can result from high dose therapy with St. John's Wort?
What condition can result from high dose therapy with St. John's Wort?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following interactions is a consequence of St. John's Wort induction of 3A4 isoenzymes?
Which of the following interactions is a consequence of St. John's Wort induction of 3A4 isoenzymes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurological effect is associated with the use of St. John's Wort?
Which neurological effect is associated with the use of St. John's Wort?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of combining St. John's Wort with other antidepressants?
What is the effect of combining St. John's Wort with other antidepressants?
Signup and view all the answers
How does St. John's Wort affect the effectiveness of oral contraceptives?
How does St. John's Wort affect the effectiveness of oral contraceptives?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding fat soluble vitamins?
Which statement is true regarding fat soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommendation for vitamin D intake for breastfed infants?
What is the recommendation for vitamin D intake for breastfed infants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential risk of excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy?
What is a potential risk of excessive vitamin A intake during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which population group is specifically recommended to take vitamin B12 supplements?
Which population group is specifically recommended to take vitamin B12 supplements?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important role of vitamin A in the body?
What is an important role of vitamin A in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might children following a vegan diet need additional vitamin supplementation?
Why might children following a vegan diet need additional vitamin supplementation?
Signup and view all the answers
What dietary sources are required to meet requirements for performed vitamin A?
What dietary sources are required to meet requirements for performed vitamin A?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C?
What is a characteristic of water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following vitamins is primarily indicated for the correction of riboflavin deficiency?
Which of the following vitamins is primarily indicated for the correction of riboflavin deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common presenting symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency?
What is the most common presenting symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Excessive intake of which vitamin may lead to serious birth defects and liver injury?
Excessive intake of which vitamin may lead to serious birth defects and liver injury?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is essential for the prevention of megaloblastic anemia due to deficiency?
Which vitamin is essential for the prevention of megaloblastic anemia due to deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of severe vitamin D deficiency in adults?
What is a potential consequence of severe vitamin D deficiency in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is associated with increased bleeding tendencies when deficient?
Which vitamin is associated with increased bleeding tendencies when deficient?
Signup and view all the answers
What deficiency is characterized by symptoms of skin roughness and gastrointestinal issues?
What deficiency is characterized by symptoms of skin roughness and gastrointestinal issues?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is primarily found in citrus fruits and is crucial for iron absorption?
Which vitamin is primarily found in citrus fruits and is crucial for iron absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to xerophthalmia as a potential outcome?
Deficiency of which vitamin can lead to xerophthalmia as a potential outcome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin's toxicity can result in hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice in newborns?
Which vitamin's toxicity can result in hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice in newborns?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is noted for being associated with chronic alcohol consumption and thiamine deficiency?
Which condition is noted for being associated with chronic alcohol consumption and thiamine deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What negative effect can arise from excessive doses of vitamin E?
What negative effect can arise from excessive doses of vitamin E?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition does excessive vitamin A intake primarily lead to?
What condition does excessive vitamin A intake primarily lead to?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Vitamins
- Vitamins are categorized into two groups: fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C and B complex vitamins, except B12).
- Water-soluble vitamins, except B12, are not stored extensively, requiring frequent intake.
- Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in large amounts, minimizing deficiency risk but potentially increasing toxicity with excessive intake.
- Multivitamin supplements should be used in moderate doses to avoid harm.
Life Stage Considerations
- Children: Healthy children with balanced diets generally do not require supplements. Vegans may need A, B12, D, and riboflavin. Breastfed infants are recommended to receive 400 IU of vitamin D.
- Pregnant Women: Vitamin needs increase during pregnancy. Prenatal vitamins help ensure adequate intake. Excess vitamin A is linked to birth defects. Folic acid is crucial before and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.
- Breastfeeding Women: Vitamin requirements increase during breastfeeding, but high doses beyond the RDA are generally not recommended.
- Older Adults: Vitamin D (with calcium) is beneficial for those aged 65+ and postmenopausal women at fracture risk. Vitamin B12 is recommended for those over 50.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A (Retinol): Critical for dim-light adaptation. Deficiency leads to night blindness and, if severe, xerophthalmia and keratomalacia (potentially causing blindness). Sources include animal products (dairy, meat, fish oil, fish) and provitamin A carotenoids in fruits and vegetables (carrots, cantaloupe, mangoes, spinach, tomatoes, pumpkin, sweet potatoes). High doses can cause birth defects, liver injury, and bone problems.
- Vitamin D: Important for calcium metabolism and bone health. Deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Vitamin E: Rare deficiency. Vegetable oils are a significant source. High doses may increase hemorrhagic stroke risk.
- Vitamin K: Crucial for blood clotting (prothrombin and clotting factors). Deficiency leads to bleeding tendencies. Sources are often sufficient in the diet, but deficiency can occur due to low intake or impaired absorption. Used to reverse effects of warfarin overdose. IV vitamin K has potential serious side effects.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Involved in many biochemical reactions, aids iron absorption. Prevention and treatment of scurvy are its main indications. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, and other fruits/vegetables are primary sources. Smoking increases Vitamin C requirements. High doses potentially cause nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Used medicinally to lower cholesterol. Deficiency (pellagra) can affect the GI tract and nervous system. Present in foods like liver, poultry, fish, potatoes, peanuts, and cereals. High doses cause vasodilation, flushing, dizziness, and nausea.
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): Prevention and treatment of riboflavin deficiency. Dairy, fortified cereals, yogurt, bread are significant sources. Lack of toxicity in humans.
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Crucial for carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency leads to beriberi (wet and dry). Wet beriberi includes fluid retention and heart problems, while dry beriberi involves neurological and motor issues. Chronic alcohol consumption can result in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Required to treat and prevent deficiency. Found in fortified cereals, meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, and some fruits/vegetables. High doses can cause neurological injury. Drug interactions with levodopa are possible.
- Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin): Crucial for carbohydrate and fat metabolism, protein synthesis. Treats deficiency due to various causes. Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy are good sources. Most common presenting symptoms are macrocytic anemia, neurologic damage, and glossitis. Deficiency caused by factors like bariatric surgery or vegan diets. Low toxicity.
- Folate (Vitamin B9): Deficiency can harm the developing fetus (neural tube defects). Important for preventing and treating megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency. Sources include beef liver, leafy greens, and other vegetables. Deficiency in pregnancy can result in anencephaly or spina bifida.
- Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Supplements are often taken but have limited therapeutic uses, as deficiency is rare.
- Biotin (Vitamin B7): Rare deficiency, sometimes used to treat hair loss and skin conditions.
St. John's Wort
- Used for mild/moderate depression. Can also be used topically to treat infections and orally to ease pain/inflammation.
- Potential risks include allergic reactions, CNS effects (insomnia, anxiety), GI discomfort, fatigue, dry mouth, etc., and phototoxicity with high doses.
- Drug interactions are significant, including interaction with CYP3A4 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. This can affect the effectiveness of many medications, including oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, warfarin, antiretrovirals, digoxin, calcium channel blockers, steroids, cancer drugs and other neurotransmitters/antidepressants.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the essential knowledge about vitamins, including their classification into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. It also discusses the specific vitamin needs at different life stages such as childhood, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Understanding these concepts is crucial for proper nutrition and health.
