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Questions and Answers
What role does vitamin E play beyond its antioxidant activities?
What role does vitamin E play beyond its antioxidant activities?
- Production of hemoglobin
- Inhibition of blood clotting
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Involvement in immune function (correct)
Which enzyme's activity is inhibited by alpha-tocopherol?
Which enzyme's activity is inhibited by alpha-tocopherol?
- Arachidonate lipoxygenase
- Protein kinase C (correct)
- Cyclooxygenase
- Caspase
What is the natural form of vitamin E referred to as?
What is the natural form of vitamin E referred to as?
- RRR-alpha-tocopherol (correct)
- dl-alpha-tocopherol
- Synthetic tocopherol
- Alpha-tocopherone
What do the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) primarily account for when providing recommendations for vitamin E?
What do the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) primarily account for when providing recommendations for vitamin E?
Which of the following statements about the FNB's recommendations for vitamin E is true?
Which of the following statements about the FNB's recommendations for vitamin E is true?
What is the primary role of vitamin E in the body?
What is the primary role of vitamin E in the body?
What effect does vitamin E have on the endothelium in relation to blood vessel function?
What effect does vitamin E have on the endothelium in relation to blood vessel function?
Why has the FNB called for more research regarding vitamin E requirements?
Why has the FNB called for more research regarding vitamin E requirements?
Which form of vitamin E is recognized as meeting human requirements?
Which form of vitamin E is recognized as meeting human requirements?
How does vitamin E affect prostacyclin release in relation to blood vessels?
How does vitamin E affect prostacyclin release in relation to blood vessels?
Why do serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol depend on the liver?
Why do serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol depend on the liver?
What are free radicals primarily known for?
What are free radicals primarily known for?
What does reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from?
What does reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from?
What environmental factors can expose the body to free radicals?
What environmental factors can expose the body to free radicals?
Which of the following is the main function of antioxidants?
Which of the following is the main function of antioxidants?
What happens to the other forms of vitamin E in the liver?
What happens to the other forms of vitamin E in the liver?
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Study Notes
Overview of Vitamin E
- Vitamin E encompasses a group of fat-soluble compounds with antioxidant properties.
- Eight chemical forms exist: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol; alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol.
- Alpha-tocopherol is the primary form essential for human health.
Absorption and Metabolism
- Serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol depend on liver uptake after absorption in the small intestine.
- The liver re secretes only alpha-tocopherol via the hepatic alpha-tocopherol transfer protein.
- Other forms of vitamin E are metabolized and excreted by the liver, leading to lower blood concentrations.
Role of Antioxidants
- Antioxidants like vitamin E protect cells from free radical damage, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
- Free radicals, derived from metabolic processes and environmental factors, contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation.
- Vitamin E counteracts oxidative stress by preventing ROS production during fat oxidation.
Immune Function and Cell Signaling
- Beyond antioxidant actions, vitamin E is involved in immune system support and various metabolic processes.
- It regulates cell signaling and gene expression, affecting smooth muscle cells, platelets, and monocytes.
Cardiovascular Health
- Vitamin E enhances endothelial cell function by resisting blood cell adherence within blood vessels.
- The compound increases expression of enzymes that suppress arachidonic acid metabolism, promoting blood vessel dilation and reducing platelet aggregation.
Dietary Recommendations
- Intake values for vitamin E are established by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) from the Food and Nutrition Board.
- DRI values vary by age and gender, focusing on alpha-tocopherol, the only form found in plasma.
- Recommendations are based on serum levels that ensure protection against free radical damage, particularly in erythrocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide.
Sources of Vitamin E
- Naturally sourced vitamin E is identified as RRR-alpha-tocopherol (d-alpha-tocopherol).
- The synthetic version is all rac-alpha-tocopherol (dl-alpha-tocopherol).
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