VITAMINS

Some animals can make it, humans cannot Natural antioxidant

RDA: Adult is 75-90 mg/d, one kiwi or small orange gives 100% RDA

Absorption: distal small intestine, if intake up to 100 mg/d then 100% absorbed, but if greater than 1000, less then 50% absorbed Excess vitamin C removed by kidneys

Citrus fruit, fresh fruit, vegetables absorbed by distal small intestine, if in excess then removed by kidney

<p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are not stored and must be consumed regularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate dietary intake of water-soluble vitamins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be stored in the body's fat reserves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assist in various biochemical pathways for energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea and diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are not stored in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal risk of toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To estimate the necessary intakes of vitamins in the diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascorbic acid and Vitamin C rich diet</p> <p>Toxicity: large doses of Vitamin C, diarrhea/bloating, irate stones, cardiac arrhythmias if iron overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Riboflavin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pantothenic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyridoxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanocobalamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, Bitoin, folate (folic acid), and B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A, K, E, D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamins B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>soluble in water absorbed by intestinal capillaries except B12 Transported by plasma except B12 and folate Low storage as mostly in internal organs and muscle but excreted fast by urine Deficiney is rapid low toxicity except B3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water soluble: Niacin B3 Intentsinal bacteria: water soluble biotin= B7</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coenzymes for energy metabolism and cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>absorbed by small intestine, converted to coenzyme in the intestinal mucosa or liver transported via capillary to body bored in muscle and internal organs excreted in urine</p> <p>alcohol or barbiturates block absorption of many B vitamins</p> <p>EXCEPTION: B12 --&gt; requires binding protein for ACTIVE reabsorption, excited in bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiamine/TPP= thiamine pyrophospahte</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-beriberi factori</p> <p>active form= TPP= thiamine pyrophosphate</p> <p>absorption: intestinal mucosa, jejunum/ileum half life is 10/20 days</p> <p>limited tissue storage, continuous supplementation is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>collagen synthesis, formation of hydroproline and lysine, if low sysnthesdi then impaired healing, tooth formatting, osteoblast dysfunction, immune function, prostaglandin metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scurvy, cramps, death, bleeding teeth, low ascorbic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>functions: cofactor for enzymes in AA and CHO metabolism dietary sources: yeast, legumes, rice, cereals Requirements: based on caloric intake, .5 mg of vit. B1 daily/1000 kcal for adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with chronic alcoholism, those with certain medical conditions like diabetes, and those with a diet low in thiamin-rich foods malnutrition, chronic renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lack of meal, whole grains, cereal absorption blocked by alcohol or barbituates increased needs like pregnancy or fever or lactation, increase in sugar increased excretion due to diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BERIBERI anorexia, weiht loss, confusion, muscle wasting, weakness</p> <p>treatment: vitamin B1 daily if in excess: nervousness, tachncardyai, shortness of breath and perspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Riboflavin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FMN/FMNH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>metabolism of neurotransmitters monoamine oxidase is a FLAVOPROTEIN purine nucleotide metabolism Xanthine oxidase is a FLAVOPROTEIN</p> <p>cell metabolic,, REDOX reactions, ETC essential for coenzymes= flavin mononuclotide FMN and flavin adenine dinuctodie FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pure B2 deificney is rare, often with other water soluble definciey like with alcoholics or malabsorption angular sotmatis, chielosis, red tongue of glossitis, sore throat, photophobia, anemic</p> <p>TREAT with Vit B2 and if in excess, no adverse effects just orange urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niacin/NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>meta, liver, milk, fish, whole grains, nut 17-20 mg/d</p> <p>ENDOGENOUS--&gt; we can synthesize niacin from tryptophan, needs B6 as coenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ENERGY PRODUCTION!!!!!</p> <p>post glycolysis, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, alpha keto dehydrogenase, malate dehydrganse, beta oxidation of fatty acids, nucleotide and fatty acid anabolism, cell diviosn and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pellagra, raw skin, in alcoholics</p> <p>$ d: diarrhea, demerits, death and detmatisis red tongue nerolgoci symptoms</p> <p>give oral niacin until fixed, or nicotinamide, resolves GI and neurologic symptoms rapidly and dermatitis will in a few months</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>if more than 100 mg/day nausea, diarrhea, histamine release, petatoxicity, blocks urin secretion, cardia arrhythmia, skin disease, hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pantothenic Acid, part of coASH and panthetheine (in FA synthesis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Precursors to Coenzyme A essential cofactor for acetylation reactions synthesis of Vitamins A, D, cholesterol, FA, proteins, steroids</p> <p>from egg yolk, broccoli, liver, kidney,milk</p> <p>4-7 mg/d</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>COENZYME A pyruvate dehydrogenase= pyruvate to acetyl CAO alpha jet dehydrogenase: alpha ketoglutatet to COA oxidation of fatty acids: oxidate factty acids of acylCOA to acetyl COA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rare, paresthesias and dysthesias= burning feet GI issues growth failure, hemorrhage, necrosis of adrenal cortex, dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyridoxine --&gt; PLP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids, gluconeogenesis, formation of niacin and serotonin from tryptophan, synthesis of lecithin, RNA, sphingolipids, heme, immune function, steroid hormone modulation, and decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form GABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rare, Gi disease, weakness, dermatitis, iron overloading microcytic anemia, less heme, less Fe++. less O2 to carry blood and thus small RBC, stomach issues, dermatitis, anemia, high serum homocysteine, risk for arthosleoris and DVT</p> <p>treat with oral vitamin B6 and can have to much and become toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biotin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>form liver, meat, soy, yeast defiicny in bitcoin due to nutriton, can also be from large amounts of raw egg which has glycoprotein and binds to biotin and prevents absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>energy production --&gt; THINK CARBOXYLASE glyconegosies biosytnehsi of FA and nucleus acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair loss, skin rash, and brittle nails dermatitis, anorexia, seuziure, insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Green leafy vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supports DNA synthesis and repair and celll growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue and weakness, poor growth, low hemoglobin content, neural tube defects, homocystemnia, impaired DNA/RNA nucleotides, GI issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>toxic, neurogocial disorder, inomsnia, GI issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cobalamin, antipernicos anemia factor methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosylcobamin</p> <p>contains cobalt</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy production (gluconeogenesis) Utilization of propionyl-CoA (like biotin) Cell division and hemopoiesis Methylcobalamin is req’d for conversion of methyl-H4-folate  H4-folate Without B12, methyl-H4-folate cannot be recycled  “Methyl Folate Trap” Both B12 and folate are required for cell division Nerve integrity and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>absorption: active process B12 intrinsic factor Ca2+, absorbed in illumination transport: via blood from intestine to site of plasma storage by transobalamin soted in body and half in liver excreted via bile, slowly and cane be reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pernicious anemia (megaloblastic, microcytic) due to:</p> <blockquote> <blockquote> <p>lack of intrinsic factor, defective intrinsic factor autoimmune dsease (autoantibody vs intrinsic factor) -iron, folate, B6 deficiency -stomach disease, aging., alcohol</p> </blockquote> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cause due to diet, gastric issues, malabsorption, pancreatic exocrine failure, drugs, HIV</p> <p>PERNICIOUS ANEMIA</p> Signup and view all the answers