VITAMINS

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Questions and Answers

What is the BAF (Biological Activity Factor) of Vitamin C?

  • Ascorbic Acid (correct)
  • Folate
  • Dehydroascorbic Acid (correct)
  • Erythorbic Acid

Vitamin C

Some animals can make it, humans cannot Natural antioxidant

RDA: Adult is 75-90 mg/d, one kiwi or small orange gives 100% RDA

Absorption: distal small intestine, if intake up to 100 mg/d then 100% absorbed, but if greater than 1000, less then 50% absorbed Excess vitamin C removed by kidneys

Vitamin C dietary source and absorption

Citrus fruit, fresh fruit, vegetables absorbed by distal small intestine, if in excess then removed by kidney

Which of the following vitamins is classified as a water-soluble vitamin?

<p>Vitamin C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of water-soluble vitamins regarding storage in the body?

<p>They are not stored and must be consumed regularly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which water-soluble vitamin requires specific transport mechanisms in the body?

<p>Vitamin B12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes water-soluble vitamin deficiency?

<p>Inadequate dietary intake of water-soluble vitamins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about water-soluble vitamins is false?

<p>They can be stored in the body's fat reserves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B-complex vitamins?

<p>Assist in various biochemical pathways for energy production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of excess water-soluble vitamins?

<p>Nausea and diarrhea. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is NOT a water-soluble vitamin?

<p>Vitamin K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of water-soluble vitamins that distinguishes them from fat-soluble vitamins?

<p>They are not stored in the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for the transport of most water-soluble vitamins in the bloodstream?

<p>Through blood plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which water-soluble vitamin is known for its significant role in energy metabolism?

<p>Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential consequence of excessive intake of water-soluble vitamins?

<p>Minimal risk of toxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for vitamins?

<p>To estimate the necessary intakes of vitamins in the diet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C nutritional treatment and toxicity:

<p>Ascorbic acid and Vitamin C rich diet</p> <p>Toxicity: large doses of Vitamin C, diarrhea/bloating, irate stones, cardiac arrhythmias if iron overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

B1 is also known as?

<p>Thiamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

B2 is also known as?

<p>Riboflavin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

B3 is also known as?

<p>Niacin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

B5 is also known as?

<p>Pantothenic Acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

B6 is also known as?

<p>Pyridoxine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B12 is also known as?

<p>Cyanocobalamin (A), Cobalamin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 8 vitamins that make up the Vitamin B complex?

<p>B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, Bitoin, folate (folic acid), and B12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? (Select all that apply)

<p>Vitamin A, K, E, D</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the water soluble vitamins?

<p>Vitamins B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water soluble vitamins are:

<p>soluble in water absorbed by intestinal capillaries except B12 Transported by plasma except B12 and folate Low storage as mostly in internal organs and muscle but excreted fast by urine Deficiney is rapid low toxicity except B3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endogenous vitamins are vitamins that humans can make. Which ones?

<p>Water soluble: Niacin B3 Intentsinal bacteria: water soluble biotin= B7</p> Signup and view all the answers

The generalization of B vitamins

<p>Coenzymes for energy metabolism and cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

B vitamins are:

<p>absorbed by small intestine, converted to coenzyme in the intestinal mucosa or liver transported via capillary to body bored in muscle and internal organs excreted in urine</p> <p>alcohol or barbiturates block absorption of many B vitamins</p> <p>EXCEPTION: B12 --&gt; requires binding protein for ACTIVE reabsorption, excited in bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for vitamin B1?

<p>Thiamine/TPP= thiamine pyrophospahte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

B1/Thiamine

<p>Anti-beriberi factori</p> <p>active form= TPP= thiamine pyrophosphate</p> <p>absorption: intestinal mucosa, jejunum/ileum half life is 10/20 days</p> <p>limited tissue storage, continuous supplementation is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C function

<p>collagen synthesis, formation of hydroproline and lysine, if low sysnthesdi then impaired healing, tooth formatting, osteoblast dysfunction, immune function, prostaglandin metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C deficiency

<p>Scurvy, cramps, death, bleeding teeth, low ascorbic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thiamin

<p>functions: cofactor for enzymes in AA and CHO metabolism dietary sources: yeast, legumes, rice, cereals Requirements: based on caloric intake, .5 mg of vit. B1 daily/1000 kcal for adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is at risk for thiamin deficiency?

<p>Individuals with chronic alcoholism, those with certain medical conditions like diabetes, and those with a diet low in thiamin-rich foods malnutrition, chronic renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes Vitamin B1 deficiency?

<p>lack of meal, whole grains, cereal absorption blocked by alcohol or barbituates increased needs like pregnancy or fever or lactation, increase in sugar increased excretion due to diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B1/Thiamine deficiney

<p>BERIBERI anorexia, weiht loss, confusion, muscle wasting, weakness</p> <p>treatment: vitamin B1 daily if in excess: nervousness, tachncardyai, shortness of breath and perspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Vitamin B2?

<p>Riboflavin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct designation for Vitamin B2/Riboflavin?

<p>FMN/FMNH2 (A), FAD/FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B2/riboflavin functions

<p>metabolism of neurotransmitters monoamine oxidase is a FLAVOPROTEIN purine nucleotide metabolism Xanthine oxidase is a FLAVOPROTEIN</p> <p>cell metabolic,, REDOX reactions, ETC essential for coenzymes= flavin mononuclotide FMN and flavin adenine dinuctodie FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vit B2 Deficiency

<p>pure B2 deificney is rare, often with other water soluble definciey like with alcoholics or malabsorption angular sotmatis, chielosis, red tongue of glossitis, sore throat, photophobia, anemic</p> <p>TREAT with Vit B2 and if in excess, no adverse effects just orange urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Vitamin B3?

<p>Niacin/NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do we bet vit B3/nacin from?

<p>meta, liver, milk, fish, whole grains, nut 17-20 mg/d</p> <p>ENDOGENOUS--&gt; we can synthesize niacin from tryptophan, needs B6 as coenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B3 fucntions

<p>ENERGY PRODUCTION!!!!!</p> <p>post glycolysis, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, alpha keto dehydrogenase, malate dehydrganse, beta oxidation of fatty acids, nucleotide and fatty acid anabolism, cell diviosn and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does vitamin B3/niacin defiicney cause and how to treat?

<p>Pellagra, raw skin, in alcoholics</p> <p>$ d: diarrhea, demerits, death and detmatisis red tongue nerolgoci symptoms</p> <p>give oral niacin until fixed, or nicotinamide, resolves GI and neurologic symptoms rapidly and dermatitis will in a few months</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess Niacin

<p>if more than 100 mg/day nausea, diarrhea, histamine release, petatoxicity, blocks urin secretion, cardia arrhythmia, skin disease, hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Vitamin B5?

<p>Pantothenic Acid, part of coASH and panthetheine (in FA synthesis) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of Vitamin B5?

<p>Precursors to Coenzyme A essential cofactor for acetylation reactions synthesis of Vitamins A, D, cholesterol, FA, proteins, steroids</p> <p>from egg yolk, broccoli, liver, kidney,milk</p> <p>4-7 mg/d</p> Signup and view all the answers

B5 fucntions

<p>COENZYME A pyruvate dehydrogenase= pyruvate to acetyl CAO alpha jet dehydrogenase: alpha ketoglutatet to COA oxidation of fatty acids: oxidate factty acids of acylCOA to acetyl COA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pantothenic Acid/B5 deficiney

<p>rare, paresthesias and dysthesias= burning feet GI issues growth failure, hemorrhage, necrosis of adrenal cortex, dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Vitamin B6?

<p>Pyridoxine --&gt; PLP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

<p>Transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids, gluconeogenesis, formation of niacin and serotonin from tryptophan, synthesis of lecithin, RNA, sphingolipids, heme, immune function, steroid hormone modulation, and decarboxylation of glutamic acid to form GABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition caused by vitamin B6 deficiency?

<p>rare, Gi disease, weakness, dermatitis, iron overloading microcytic anemia, less heme, less Fe++. less O2 to carry blood and thus small RBC, stomach issues, dermatitis, anemia, high serum homocysteine, risk for arthosleoris and DVT</p> <p>treat with oral vitamin B6 and can have to much and become toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Vitamin B7?

<p>Biotin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biotin backgorun

<p>form liver, meat, soy, yeast defiicny in bitcoin due to nutriton, can also be from large amounts of raw egg which has glycoprotein and binds to biotin and prevents absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

B7 fucntion

<p>energy production --&gt; THINK CARBOXYLASE glyconegosies biosytnehsi of FA and nucleus acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of biotin deficiency?

<p>Hair loss, skin rash, and brittle nails dermatitis, anorexia, seuziure, insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Vitamin B9?

<p>Folate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do we get folic acid from?

<p>Green leafy vegetables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of B9/folate?

<p>Supports DNA synthesis and repair and celll growth (A), a carrier of one carbon groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes folate deficiency?

<p>Poor dietary intake (A), Increased alcohol consumption (B), increased need like anemia or pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of folate deficiency?

<p>Fatigue and weakness, poor growth, low hemoglobin content, neural tube defects, homocystemnia, impaired DNA/RNA nucleotides, GI issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

EXCESS FOLATE

<p>toxic, neurogocial disorder, inomsnia, GI issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Vit B12?

<p>Cobalamin, antipernicos anemia factor methylcobalamin, 5-deoxyadenosylcobamin</p> <p>contains cobalt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vit B12 functions

<p>Energy production (gluconeogenesis) Utilization of propionyl-CoA (like biotin) Cell division and hemopoiesis Methylcobalamin is req’d for conversion of methyl-H4-folate  H4-folate Without B12, methyl-H4-folate cannot be recycled  “Methyl Folate Trap” Both B12 and folate are required for cell division Nerve integrity and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vit B 12 absortopn, transport and sotrage

<p>absorption: active process B12 intrinsic factor Ca2+, absorbed in illumination transport: via blood from intestine to site of plasma storage by transobalamin soted in body and half in liver excreted via bile, slowly and cane be reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Impaired B12 absorption

<p>pernicious anemia (megaloblastic, microcytic) due to:</p> <blockquote> <blockquote> <p>lack of intrinsic factor, defective intrinsic factor autoimmune dsease (autoantibody vs intrinsic factor) -iron, folate, B6 deficiency -stomach disease, aging., alcohol</p> </blockquote> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin B12 defiicney

<p>cause due to diet, gastric issues, malabsorption, pancreatic exocrine failure, drugs, HIV</p> <p>PERNICIOUS ANEMIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • Vitamins and Biochemically Active Forms:
    • Thiamin (B1)
    • Riboflavin (B2)
    • Niacin (B3)
    • Pantothenic Acid (B5)
    • Pyridoxine (B6)
    • Biotin (B7)
    • Folate (B9)
    • Cobalamin (B12)
    • Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
  • Absorption, Transport, Storage, Mobilization, and Activation:
    • Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by intestinal capillaries, except for B12.
    • Most water-soluble vitamins are transported via plasma, except for B12 and folate.
    • Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body.
  • Functions and Supplemental Use:
    • All water-soluble vitamins have essential roles in biochemical pathways.
    • Supplementation can be useful to address deficiencies, but excess can be harmful.
  • Deficiency and Excess:
    • Deficiency can lead to various health problems, depending on the specific vitamin.
    • Excess of water soluble vitamins can also have adverse effects.

General Characteristics of Vitamins

  • Organic Compounds with Regulatory Functions:
    • Vitamins are organic compounds essential for regulation of bodily processes.
  • Essential in the Diet:
    • Cannot be synthesized by the body, need to be obtained from food.
  • Water-Soluble vs. Fat-Soluble:
    • Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body.
  • Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs):
    • DRIs provide estimates of needed intakes to maintain good health.
    • RDAs are part of DRIs and represent average daily requirement.

Classification of Vitamins

  • Fat-Soluble:
    • Vitamin A
    • Vitamin D
    • Vitamin E
    • Vitamin K
  • Water-Soluble:
    • B-complex:
      • Thiamin (B1)
      • Riboflavin (B2)
      • Niacin (B3)
      • Pantothenic acid (B5)
      • Pyridoxine (B6)
      • Biotin (B7)
      • Folate (B9)
      • Cobalamin (B12)
    • Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Characteristics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • Solubility:
    • Water-soluble
  • Absorption:
    • By intestinal capillaries, except B12
  • Transport:
    • By plasma, except B12 and folate
  • Storage:
    • Low levels of storage in the body.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • Water-soluble vitamins are essential for various bodily functions.
  • They are absorbed by the intestinal capillaries, except for Vitamin B12.
  • They are transported by plasma, except for Vitamin B12 and folate.
  • They are not stored in the body in significant amounts.
  • The recommended daily intake (RDI) of water-soluble vitamins varies depending on the individual's needs.

Classification of Vitamins

  • Fat Soluble Vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E, K
  • Water Soluble Vitamins:
    • Vitamin B Complex:
      • Thiamin (B1)
      • Riboflavin (B2)
      • Niacin (B3)
      • Pantothenic acid (B5)
      • Pyridoxine (B6)
      • Biotin (B7)
      • Folate (B9)
      • Cobalamin (B12)
    • Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Characteristics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • Solubility: Water-soluble
  • Absorption: Absorbed by intestinal capillaries, except for Vitamin B12.
  • Transport: Transported by plasma, except for Vitamin B12 and folate.
  • Storage: Low storage capacity, meaning excess is often excreted.

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