44 Questions
What is the role of vitamin K1 in green leafy vegetables?
Directly involved in photosynthesis
How do bacteria in the gut flora contribute to vitamin K2 production?
Lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K2
Which form of vitamin K can reverse the anticoagulant activity of warfarin?
Menaquinone (K2)
Which vitamin is the key component in the molecular basis of photon sensing and vision?
Vitamin A
What is the potent RXR ligand derived from Vitamin A?
Retinoic acid
What is the International Normalized Ratio (INR) used for in relation to vitamin K?
Monitoring anticoagulant action
Which vitamin's teratogenicity is associated with Hox-homeobox gene activation in embryonic development?
Vitamin A
What type of homologues of vitamin K2 are produced by bacterial conversion?
MK-7 to MK-11
What is another name for vitamin K1?
Phylloquinone
Which component may be enzymatically converted to all-trans-retinal in the body?
Provitamin A carotenoids
What may be esterified into retinyl esters and stored in the body?
Retinol
Which drug's intended anticoagulant action can be reduced by supplemental vitamin K?
Warfarin (CoumadinTM)
Which vitamin regulates transcription of over 500 retinoid-responsive genes?
Vitamin A
In times of dietary retinoid insufficiency, what is hydrolyzed to retinol for delivery to peripheral tissues?
Retinyl esters
Which vitamin has a potential teratogenic effect due to oral megadoses and isomerization processes?
Vitamin A
What is the main cause of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia)?
Absence of intrinsic factor
What is the primary function of intrinsic factor in the body?
Binding to dietary vitamin B12
How can pernicious anemia be treated effectively?
Injections of vitamin B12
Which molecular term best refers to vitamin K?
Naphthoquinone derivative
What is the role of vitamin A in the body?
Component of visual system
Which vitamin acts as an antagonist of anticoagulant medication?
Vitamin K
What is the primary function of antifolates?
Inhibit cell division, DNA/RNA synthesis and repair, and protein synthesis
Which vitamin is involved in coenzyme function?
Vitamin B12
Which vitamin functions as a hormone and nuclear receptor ligand?
Vitamin D
What is the purpose of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)?
To caution against excessive intake of nutrients that can be harmful in large amounts
Which of the following is not a function of vitamins?
Sources of energy
Which vitamin is a provitamin?
Vitamin A
Which of the following best describes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
The daily dietary intake level considered sufficient for 97.5% of healthy individuals
Which vitamin is not involved in the production of cofactors or coenzymes?
Vitamin D
Which vitamin is known for its role in blood clotting?
Vitamin K
What is the primary function of multivitamins?
To provide essential nutrients for individuals with specific nutrient deficiencies
What is the health benefit of vitamins generally follow?
A biphasic dose-response curve
What can cause birth defects?
Both deficiency and excess of vitamin A
What is the long-term use of betacarotene associated with?
Increased risk of lung cancer in people who smoke
What is the molecular term that best refers to 'the solar vitamin'?
Solar light-induced nuclear receptor agonist
What does cutaneous photochemistry result in?
From 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol to calcitriol
What does vitamin D-driven gene expression control?
Calcium homeostasis, bone formation/maintenance, cell proliferation
What does retinoic acid get eliminated from the body?
Through catabolism and elimination
What is the Daily Tolerable Upper Intake Level of vitamins?
A level that represents the edges of deficiency and toxicity
Cutaneous photochemistry involves the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to calcitriol.
False
Retinol and retinoic acid are both forms of vitamin A.
True
Long-term use of betacarotene can reduce the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke.
False
Vitamin K is an antagonist of anticoagulant medication.
False
Retinyl ester is catabolized and eliminated from the body when no longer needed.
False
Test your knowledge on the catabolism process of Vitamin A and its health benefits. Explore the safe-intake range and consequences of deficiency or toxicity of Vitamin A.
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