Podcast
Questions and Answers
What kind of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment?
What kind of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment?
Which cue gives humans a perception that one object is in front of another?
Which cue gives humans a perception that one object is in front of another?
What cue allows humans to perceive form and depth using light and shadows?
What cue allows humans to perceive form and depth using light and shadows?
Which cue gives humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
Which cue gives humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
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What is the purpose of Weber's Law?
What is the purpose of Weber's Law?
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Which sense does the Vestibular system primarily focus on?
Which sense does the Vestibular system primarily focus on?
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Which type of sensory adaptation involves receptors becoming desensitized over time to temperature?
Which type of sensory adaptation involves receptors becoming desensitized over time to temperature?
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What does the Absolute threshold of sensation determine?
What does the Absolute threshold of sensation determine?
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What is the function of the semicircular canals in the Vestibular system?
What is the function of the semicircular canals in the Vestibular system?
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Which type of sensation is related to nociception?
Which type of sensation is related to nociception?
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What is the primary role of endolymph in the inner ear?
What is the primary role of endolymph in the inner ear?
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What is the purpose of Signal Detection Theory?
What is the purpose of Signal Detection Theory?
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What does the term 'Size constancy' refer to?
What does the term 'Size constancy' refer to?
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'Hearing adaptation' involves which response to high noise?
'Hearing adaptation' involves which response to high noise?
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Which type of sensory information is sent to the brain via dermatomes?
Which type of sensory information is sent to the brain via dermatomes?
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In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'hit' refer to?
In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'hit' refer to?
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In Signal Detection Theory, how is the difference between means of two distributions represented?
In Signal Detection Theory, how is the difference between means of two distributions represented?
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What does 'miss' indicate in the context of Signal Detection Theory?
What does 'miss' indicate in the context of Signal Detection Theory?
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When we look at something, we need to make what?
When we look at something, we need to make what?
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Humans have 2 eyes which allow them to receive visual cues from their environment by what?
Humans have 2 eyes which allow them to receive visual cues from their environment by what?
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What gives humans an idea of depth as well as based on how much eyeballs are turned.
What gives humans an idea of depth as well as based on how much eyeballs are turned.
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When things are close to use, muscles of our eyes do what?
When things are close to use, muscles of our eyes do what?
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When things are far away from us, muscles of eyes are what?
When things are far away from us, muscles of eyes are what?
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You can infer with one eye. The closer an object it is perceived as being bigger. Gives us an idea of form.
You can infer with one eye. The closer an object it is perceived as being bigger. Gives us an idea of form.
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Which cue allows humans to perceive form and depth using light and shadows?
Which cue allows humans to perceive form and depth using light and shadows?
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Which type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment?
Which type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment?
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Which type of sensation is related to nociception?
Which type of sensation is related to nociception?
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Which type of sensory adaptation involves receptors becoming desensitized over time to temperature?
Which type of sensory adaptation involves receptors becoming desensitized over time to temperature?
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What does the term 'Size constancy' refer to?
What does the term 'Size constancy' refer to?
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In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'd'' represent?
In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'd'' represent?
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When things are far away from us, which cues give humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
When things are far away from us, which cues give humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
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Which type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment without the need for two eyes?
Which type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment without the need for two eyes?
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In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what is the role of the strategy 'C'?
In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what is the role of the strategy 'C'?
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What does a 'liberal strategy' imply in the context of Signal Detection Theory?
What does a 'liberal strategy' imply in the context of Signal Detection Theory?
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What gives humans a sense of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
What gives humans a sense of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
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When things are far away from us, which cues give humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
When things are far away from us, which cues give humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
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Which cue allows humans to perceive form and depth using light and shadows?
Which cue allows humans to perceive form and depth using light and shadows?
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When we look at something, what gives humans a sense of form of an object with one eye?
When we look at something, what gives humans a sense of form of an object with one eye?
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Which type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment without the need for two eyes?
Which type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment without the need for two eyes?
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What gives humans an idea of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
What gives humans an idea of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
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What does 'false alarm' signify in Signal Detection Theory?
What does 'false alarm' signify in Signal Detection Theory?
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What does the Absolute threshold of sensation determine?
What does the Absolute threshold of sensation determine?
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In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'correct rejection' refer to?
In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'correct rejection' refer to?
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What does the strategy 'C' represent in Signal Detection Theory?
What does the strategy 'C' represent in Signal Detection Theory?
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What is the role of the difference between means of the noise and signal distributions in Signal Detection Theory?
What is the role of the difference between means of the noise and signal distributions in Signal Detection Theory?
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Using light and shadows to perceive form depth/contours. Think of a crater and a mountain.
Using light and shadows to perceive form depth/contours. Think of a crater and a mountain.
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Our perception of the object does NOT change even if the image cast on the retina is different.
Our perception of the object does NOT change even if the image cast on the retina is different.
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Define the type of constancy:
One that appears larger because its closer, we still think it is the same size.
Define the type of constancy:
One that appears larger because its closer, we still think it is the same size.
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a changing shape still maintains the same shape perception
a changing shape still maintains the same shape perception
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What constancy is this an example of?
A door opening means the shape is changing but we still believe the door is a rectangle
What constancy is this an example of?
A door opening means the shape is changing but we still believe the door is a rectangle
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Our senses are adaptable and they can change their sensitivity to stimuli.
Our senses are adaptable and they can change their sensitivity to stimuli.
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Despite changes in lightning which change the image color falling on our retina, we understand (perceive) that the object is the same color.
Despite changes in lightning which change the image color falling on our retina, we understand (perceive) that the object is the same color.
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Which type of processing begins with the stimulus and is influenced by what we perceive?
Which type of processing begins with the stimulus and is influenced by what we perceive?
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In Gestalt Principles, which law explains how the brain automatically organizes similar items together?
In Gestalt Principles, which law explains how the brain automatically organizes similar items together?
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In perception, which type of processing uses background knowledge to influence perception?
In perception, which type of processing uses background knowledge to influence perception?
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Which type of reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations?
Which type of reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations?
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Which Gestalt principle is illustrated when the brain groups objects that are close together?
Which Gestalt principle is illustrated when the brain groups objects that are close together?
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In Gestalt psychology, which principle explains the brain's tendency to organize reality into the simplest form possible?
In Gestalt psychology, which principle explains the brain's tendency to organize reality into the simplest form possible?
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Which principle of Gestalt psychology involves perceiving lines as following the smoothest path?
Which principle of Gestalt psychology involves perceiving lines as following the smoothest path?
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In Gestalt psychology, which principle involves the brain perceiving grouped objects as a whole and filling in missing information?
In Gestalt psychology, which principle involves the brain perceiving grouped objects as a whole and filling in missing information?
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Which law implies that visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience?
Which law implies that visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience?
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What part of the eye is a transparent thick sheet of fibrous tissue and starts to bend light?
What part of the eye is a transparent thick sheet of fibrous tissue and starts to bend light?
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What principle of Gestalt psychology involves perceiving objects as symmetrical and forming around a center point?
What principle of Gestalt psychology involves perceiving objects as symmetrical and forming around a center point?
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The conjunctiva is a thin layer of cells that lines the inside of your eyelids from the eye. What is its function?
The conjunctiva is a thin layer of cells that lines the inside of your eyelids from the eye. What is its function?
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What does the Law of Common Fate involve in perception?
What does the Law of Common Fate involve in perception?
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What part of the eye starts to bend light and is the first part that light hits?
What part of the eye starts to bend light and is the first part that light hits?
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Which principle explains how the context in which stimuli are presented contributes to how people perceive those stimuli?
Which principle explains how the context in which stimuli are presented contributes to how people perceive those stimuli?
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What sense does the Conjunctiva relate to?
What sense does the Conjunctiva relate to?
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Which law implies that under some circumstances, visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience?
Which law implies that under some circumstances, visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience?
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What is the primary role of the lens in the eye?
What is the primary role of the lens in the eye?
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What is the function of the ciliary body in the eye?
What is the function of the ciliary body in the eye?
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What is the purpose of the vitreous humor in the eye?
What is the purpose of the vitreous humor in the eye?
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What is the main function of the retina in the eye?
What is the main function of the retina in the eye?
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What is the specialized function of the fovea in the eye?
What is the specialized function of the fovea in the eye?
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What is the role of the anterior chamber in relation to maintaining eye shape?
What is the role of the anterior chamber in relation to maintaining eye shape?
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What is controlled by the size of the pupil in the eye?
What is controlled by the size of the pupil in the eye?
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What is responsible for giving color to the eye?
What is responsible for giving color to the eye?
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What part of the eye adjusts how much it bends light?
What part of the eye adjusts how much it bends light?
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What does the vitreous chamber contain?
What does the vitreous chamber contain?
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Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
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Which part of the eye modulates how much light is able to enter into it?
Which part of the eye modulates how much light is able to enter into it?
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Which principle of Gestalt psychology involves the brain perceiving grouped objects as a whole and filling in missing information?
Which principle of Gestalt psychology involves the brain perceiving grouped objects as a whole and filling in missing information?
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What constancy is illustrated when the brain groups objects that are close together?
What constancy is illustrated when the brain groups objects that are close together?
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What gives humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
What gives humans a sense of motion based on the relative speed of objects at different distances?
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What type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment without the need for two eyes?
What type of cues allows humans to receive a sense of depth from their environment without the need for two eyes?
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What is the primary function of the retina in the eye?
What is the primary function of the retina in the eye?
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What is the specialized function of the fovea in the eye?
What is the specialized function of the fovea in the eye?
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What part of the eye modulates how much light is able to enter into it?
What part of the eye modulates how much light is able to enter into it?
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What does the vitreous chamber contain?
What does the vitreous chamber contain?
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Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
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What gives humans an idea of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
What gives humans an idea of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
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'Miss' in the context of Signal Detection Theory refers to?
'Miss' in the context of Signal Detection Theory refers to?
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What is the process of rod turning from ON to OFF called?
What is the process of rod turning from ON to OFF called?
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Where are almost all cones centered in the eye?
Where are almost all cones centered in the eye?
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What does light hitting rods cause?
What does light hitting rods cause?
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What is the primary role of the Phototransduction Cascade (PTC) in the eye?
What is the primary role of the Phototransduction Cascade (PTC) in the eye?
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What is the name of the protein found in rods (or cones) that contains a small molecule called retinal?
What is the name of the protein found in rods (or cones) that contains a small molecule called retinal?
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What causes the retinal to change conformation from bent to straight in the Phototransduction Cascade?
What causes the retinal to change conformation from bent to straight in the Phototransduction Cascade?
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What is the function of transducin in the Phototransduction Cascade?
What is the function of transducin in the Phototransduction Cascade?
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What is the primary role of the rods and cones in the retina?
What is the primary role of the rods and cones in the retina?
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What is the name of the multimeric protein with 7 discs that contains retinal in rods (or cones)?
What is the name of the multimeric protein with 7 discs that contains retinal in rods (or cones)?
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What is the specialized nerve that can take light and convert it to neural impulse?
What is the specialized nerve that can take light and convert it to neural impulse?
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What is the protein found in cones that triggers the phototransduction cascade?
What is the protein found in cones that triggers the phototransduction cascade?
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Which structure in the rods contains thousands of large membrane-bound structures, each with proteins that fire action potentials to the brain?
Which structure in the rods contains thousands of large membrane-bound structures, each with proteins that fire action potentials to the brain?
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What type of vision occurs at dawn or dusk and involves both rods and cones?
What type of vision occurs at dawn or dusk and involves both rods and cones?
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What is the function of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the function of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
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Which type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light and better at detecting light?
Which type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light and better at detecting light?
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Where are cones primarily concentrated in the retina?
Where are cones primarily concentrated in the retina?
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Where are rods predominantly found in the eye?
Where are rods predominantly found in the eye?
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Which part of the retina is responsible for a higher resolution vision due to the absence of axons obstructing light?
Which part of the retina is responsible for a higher resolution vision due to the absence of axons obstructing light?
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What is the main function of the rods and cones in the retina?
What is the main function of the rods and cones in the retina?
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Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
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What is the main difference between rods and cones in terms of recovery time?
What is the main difference between rods and cones in terms of recovery time?
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What is the specialized nerve that can take light and convert it to neural impulse?
What is the specialized nerve that can take light and convert it to neural impulse?
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Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
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What part of the eye modulates how much light is able to enter into it?
What part of the eye modulates how much light is able to enter into it?
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What does the vitreous chamber contain?
What does the vitreous chamber contain?
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Which type of vision occurs at levels of very low light?
Which type of vision occurs at levels of very low light?
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What is the function of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the function of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
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What gives humans a sense of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
What gives humans a sense of depth based on how much eyeballs are turned?
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Which part of the eye adjusts how much it bends light?
Which part of the eye adjusts how much it bends light?
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What does feature detection involve when looking at an object?
What does feature detection involve when looking at an object?
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Which pathway is responsible for good spatial resolution and color detection, but poor temporal-motion detection?
Which pathway is responsible for good spatial resolution and color detection, but poor temporal-motion detection?
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Which type of processing aims to detect/focus on all information (color, form, motion) at the same time?
Which type of processing aims to detect/focus on all information (color, form, motion) at the same time?
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Which theory of color vision states that there are three types of cones for detecting red, green, and blue?
Which theory of color vision states that there are three types of cones for detecting red, green, and blue?
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What is the acronym used to represent the Parvocellular pathway responsible for spatial resolution and color detection?
What is the acronym used to represent the Parvocellular pathway responsible for spatial resolution and color detection?
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Which pathway has high temporal resolution for motion detection, but poor spatial resolution?
Which pathway has high temporal resolution for motion detection, but poor spatial resolution?
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What are the three things to consider when looking at any object according to the text?
What are the three things to consider when looking at any object according to the text?
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What is the primary function of feature detection in the context of object perception?
What is the primary function of feature detection in the context of object perception?
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What is required for audition (sense of sound) to occur?
What is required for audition (sense of sound) to occur?
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What creates areas of high and low pressure known as sound waves?
What creates areas of high and low pressure known as sound waves?
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What factor determines the frequency of sound waves?
What factor determines the frequency of sound waves?
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How does the ear break up different frequencies of sound waves?
How does the ear break up different frequencies of sound waves?
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What is the primary function of the hair cells in the cochlea?
What is the primary function of the hair cells in the cochlea?
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What is the role of wavelength in determining how deeply sound penetrates into the cochlea?
What is the role of wavelength in determining how deeply sound penetrates into the cochlea?
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What happens to air molecules between hands when they move towards each other?
What happens to air molecules between hands when they move towards each other?
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How are different noises characterized in terms of their sounds?
How are different noises characterized in terms of their sounds?
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What is the function of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) in the ear?
What is the function of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) in the ear?
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What is the purpose of the oval window in the ear?
What is the purpose of the oval window in the ear?
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Which structure in the ear is responsible for transporting electric impulses to the brain?
Which structure in the ear is responsible for transporting electric impulses to the brain?
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What is the primary function of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?
What is the primary function of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?
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What is the role of the three smallest bones in the body (ossicles) in the process of hearing?
What is the role of the three smallest bones in the body (ossicles) in the process of hearing?
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According to the place theory of hearing, the pitch of a musical tone is determined by:
According to the place theory of hearing, the pitch of a musical tone is determined by:
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What is the general classification of the middle ear?
What is the general classification of the middle ear?
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Which part of the ear is responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
Which part of the ear is responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
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What is the function of the rods and cones in the retina?
What is the function of the rods and cones in the retina?
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Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
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What is the primary function of the hair cells in the cochlea?
What is the primary function of the hair cells in the cochlea?
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What is the main function of the rods and cones in the retina?
What is the main function of the rods and cones in the retina?
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What is responsible for giving color to the eye?
What is responsible for giving color to the eye?
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What creates areas of high and low pressure known as sound waves?
What creates areas of high and low pressure known as sound waves?
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What is the purpose of the oval window in the ear?
What is the purpose of the oval window in the ear?
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According to the place theory of hearing, the pitch of a musical tone is determined by:
According to the place theory of hearing, the pitch of a musical tone is determined by:
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'Hearing adaptation' involves which response to high noise?
'Hearing adaptation' involves which response to high noise?
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A special part of the retina that is rich in cones, no rods. The rest of the retina is covered primarily in rods.
A special part of the retina that is rich in cones, no rods. The rest of the retina is covered primarily in rods.
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Pigmented black in humans, is a network of blood vessels that helps nourish the retina. Some animals have different colors of this which gives them better night vision.
Pigmented black in humans, is a network of blood vessels that helps nourish the retina. Some animals have different colors of this which gives them better night vision.
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Is the electrical activation of one neuron by another neuron.
Is the electrical activation of one neuron by another neuron.
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Is conscious sensory experience of neural procesing
Is conscious sensory experience of neural procesing
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is the neural transformation of multiple neural signals into a perception
is the neural transformation of multiple neural signals into a perception
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occurs whenever energy is transformed from one form to another; in this case, light energy is transformed to electrical energy by rods and cones.
occurs whenever energy is transformed from one form to another; in this case, light energy is transformed to electrical energy by rods and cones.
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requires a physical stimulus to be converted into a neural impulse
requires a physical stimulus to be converted into a neural impulse
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What is the role of the vitreous humor in the eye?
What is the role of the vitreous humor in the eye?
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Which part of the eye is responsible for adjusting how much it bends light?
Which part of the eye is responsible for adjusting how much it bends light?
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What is the main function of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?
What is the main function of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?
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In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'false alarm' signify?
In the context of Signal Detection Theory, what does 'false alarm' signify?
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Which part of the ear is responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
Which part of the ear is responsible for perceiving form and depth using light and shadows?
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What is the function of the cornea in the eye?
What is the function of the cornea in the eye?
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Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
Where is the blind spot located in the retina?
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What is the primary function of the sclera in the eye?
What is the primary function of the sclera in the eye?
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What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the eye?
What is the primary function of the ciliary body in the eye?
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Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for regulating the amount of light that enters the eye?
Which part of the eye is primarily responsible for regulating the amount of light that enters the eye?
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What is the function of the vitreous humor in the eye?
What is the function of the vitreous humor in the eye?
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What is the primary function of the choroid in the eye?
What is the primary function of the choroid in the eye?
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What is the name of the structure in the eye that is rich in cones and allows for detailed vision?
What is the name of the structure in the eye that is rich in cones and allows for detailed vision?
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In what way does the pigmentation of the choroid contribute to night vision in animals like cats?
In what way does the pigmentation of the choroid contribute to night vision in animals like cats?
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What structure in the eye sends fibers to the brain through the optic nerve?
What structure in the eye sends fibers to the brain through the optic nerve?
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What is the specialized type of nerve that is able to take in light and convert it into a neural impulse?
What is the specialized type of nerve that is able to take in light and convert it into a neural impulse?
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What is the function of the protein rhodopsin in the rods?
What is the function of the protein rhodopsin in the rods?
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Where are cones primarily concentrated in the retina?
Where are cones primarily concentrated in the retina?
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What is the name of the large, membrane-bound structures inside the rods that contain a whole bunch of proteins which absorb light?
What is the name of the large, membrane-bound structures inside the rods that contain a whole bunch of proteins which absorb light?
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What is responsible for giving color to the eye and is embedded within each optic disc in cones?
What is responsible for giving color to the eye and is embedded within each optic disc in cones?
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What is the primary difference between rods and cones in terms of their sensitivity to light?
What is the primary difference between rods and cones in terms of their sensitivity to light?
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Where are rods mainly found in the eyeball?
Where are rods mainly found in the eyeball?
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What is the recovery time difference between rods and cones after being activated by light?
What is the recovery time difference between rods and cones after being activated by light?
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What is the main function of cones in the retina?
What is the main function of cones in the retina?
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How many different types of cones are there in the eye, and what percentage do each type make up?
How many different types of cones are there in the eye, and what percentage do each type make up?
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When a ray of light hits the nasal side of the left eye and the temporal side of the right eye, how is this information transmitted to the brain?
When a ray of light hits the nasal side of the left eye and the temporal side of the right eye, how is this information transmitted to the brain?
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What happens to light that hits the temporal side of either eyeball in relation to crossing the optic chiasm?
What happens to light that hits the temporal side of either eyeball in relation to crossing the optic chiasm?
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Which part of the brain receives information coming from the right visual field?
Which part of the brain receives information coming from the right visual field?
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What is the point where the optic nerve from both eyes converge known as?
What is the point where the optic nerve from both eyes converge known as?
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Which part of the eye does all light that hits the temporal side of either eyeball not cross?
Which part of the eye does all light that hits the temporal side of either eyeball not cross?
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In visual processing, if a ray of light coming from the left visual field hits the nasal side of the left eye, what part of the eyeball does it hit next?
In visual processing, if a ray of light coming from the left visual field hits the nasal side of the left eye, what part of the eyeball does it hit next?
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Which part of the visual field would the nasal side of the right eyeball be responsible for processing?
Which part of the visual field would the nasal side of the right eyeball be responsible for processing?
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What is the function of the temporal side of the eyeball in visual processing?
What is the function of the temporal side of the eyeball in visual processing?
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If both eyes are focused on the purple line in the visual field, which part of the visual field can they see?
If both eyes are focused on the purple line in the visual field, which part of the visual field can they see?
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What is the significance of the right side of the body being controlled by the left side of the brain in relation to visual processing?
What is the significance of the right side of the body being controlled by the left side of the brain in relation to visual processing?
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What is the primary function of rods in the retina?
What is the primary function of rods in the retina?
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What occurs in the phototransduction cascade at the molecular level?
What occurs in the phototransduction cascade at the molecular level?
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What is the main purpose of the retina in the eye?
What is the main purpose of the retina in the eye?
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What happens to a rod when it is exposed to light?
What happens to a rod when it is exposed to light?
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Which cells in the retina are responsible for detecting fine details and color in bright light?
Which cells in the retina are responsible for detecting fine details and color in bright light?
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What is the primary role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the primary role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the specific molecule that causes the closing of sodium channels in the rods during the phototransduction cascade?
What is the specific molecule that causes the closing of sodium channels in the rods during the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the consequence of the closing of sodium channels in the rods during the phototransduction cascade?
What is the consequence of the closing of sodium channels in the rods during the phototransduction cascade?
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Which molecule undergoes a change in shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal upon exposure to light in the phototransduction cascade?
Which molecule undergoes a change in shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal upon exposure to light in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the role of rhodopsin in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the role of rhodopsin in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the primary role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the primary role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
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What structure in the eye sends fibers to the brain through the optic nerve?
What structure in the eye sends fibers to the brain through the optic nerve?
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What does light hitting rods cause?
What does light hitting rods cause?
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Which part of the eye does all light that hits the temporal side of either eyeball not cross?
Which part of the eye does all light that hits the temporal side of either eyeball not cross?
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What is responsible for giving color to the eye?
What is responsible for giving color to the eye?
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What is the primary role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the primary role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
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What causes the rhodopsin to change shape in the phototransduction cascade?
What causes the rhodopsin to change shape in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the immediate result of the reduction in cyclic GMP concentration in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the immediate result of the reduction in cyclic GMP concentration in the phototransduction cascade?
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Which molecule is responsible for converting cyclic GMP to regular GMP in the phototransduction cascade?
Which molecule is responsible for converting cyclic GMP to regular GMP in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the role of the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE) in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the role of the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE) in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the small molecule found inside rhodopsin?
What is the small molecule found inside rhodopsin?
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What triggers the release of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
What triggers the release of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
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What does phosphodiesterase convert cyclic GMP to in the phototransduction cascade?
What does phosphodiesterase convert cyclic GMP to in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the immediate result of the reduction in cyclic GMP concentration in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the immediate result of the reduction in cyclic GMP concentration in the phototransduction cascade?
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What is the role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
What is the role of transducin in the phototransduction cascade?
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Narıncı rəngdə olan hissə nədir?
Narıncı rəngdə olan hissə nədir?
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What is the primary difference between adaptation and amplification?
What is the primary difference between adaptation and amplification?
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Why is adaptation important for cells?
Why is adaptation important for cells?
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In the context of vision, how does amplification occur?
In the context of vision, how does amplification occur?
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What is the potential consequence of cells being excited too much?
What is the potential consequence of cells being excited too much?
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Why is adaptation necessary for cells in response to a stimulus?
Why is adaptation necessary for cells in response to a stimulus?
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Study Notes
o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.
- Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
- Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
- Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.
o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.
- Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
- Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
- Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
- Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.
o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.
- The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.
o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.
- Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.
- Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
- Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
- Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
- Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.
o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.
- Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
- Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.
o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.
- Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.
o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.
- Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.
o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.
- Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
- Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
- Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.
o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.
- Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
- Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
- Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
- Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.
o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.
- The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.
o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.
- Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.
- Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
- Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
- Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
- Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.
o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.
- Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
- Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.
o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.
- Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.
o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.
- Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.
o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.
- Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
- Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
- Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.
o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.
- Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
- Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
- Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
- Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.
o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.
- The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.
o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.
- Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.
- Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
- Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
- Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
- Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.
o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.
- Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
- Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.
o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.
- Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.
o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.
- Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.
o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.
- Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
- Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
- Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.
o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.
- Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
- Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
- Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
- Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.
o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.
- The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.
o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.
- Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.
o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.
- Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
- Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
- Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
- Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.
o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.
- Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
- Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.
o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.
- Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.
o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.
-
Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.
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Günəşdən gələn işıq göz bəbəyinə daxil olursa, bir kiçik oğlan dayanır. O, günəşə baxır.
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Bu kiçik bəbək, işığın daxil olduğu gözün kiçik dəliyidir, onun başının ön hissəsidir.
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Işıq gözə daxil olunur və gözün arxasında torlu qişa adlanan xüsusi bir quruluş var.
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Torlu qişanın içərisində iki hüceyrə var: çöpcük və kolbacıq.
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Çöpcük həmin hüceyrələrdən ibarətdir, qırpıq formasına sahibdir və onların etdikləri, işığa qarşı həqiqətən çox həssasdırlar.
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Kolbacıq isə, kolbacıqlar daha azdır və kolbaca kimi göründüyü üçün adlandılır. Her torlu qişada altı ilə yeddi milyon kolbacıq var.
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Rəngli görmə üçün cavabdehdirlər. Üç müxtəlif növ kolbacıqlar var: qırmızı, yaşıl və mavi.
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Çöpcük söndürülməsi, işıq torlu qişaya dəyəndə baş verənlər ümumiyyətlə bir prosesdür. Çöpcüyün söndürülməsində bipolyar hüceyrəni işə salır.
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Birşəhər ölkədə, gözünüzün kənarında çoxlu çöpcük və kolbacıqlar var ki, gecə görməyə imkan verir.
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Fototransduksiya kaskadı, işıq çöpcüğa və ya kolbacığa dəyən sıra şeylərdir. Onun sonunda, retinal qanqlion hüceyrəsi işə salır və beyinə daxil olur.
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The sun emits light rays that enter the human eye through the pupil.
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The retina, a membrane at the back of the eye, is responsible for converting light into neural impulses.
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Rods and cones are two important types of cells in the retina: rods are sensitive to light and are responsible for night vision (around 120 million), while cones are responsible for color vision (around 6-7 million).
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Cones are concentrated in the fovea, the part of the eye responsible for fine detail vision.
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Rods and cones have different functions: rods are sensitive to low light levels and distribute throughout the retina for peripheral vision, while cones are responsible for color vision and are primarily located in the fovea.
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There are three types of cones, each sensitive to red, green, and blue light.
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The phototransduction cascade is a process that occurs when light hits a rod or cone, leading to the activation of various cells (bipolar and retinal ganglion cells) and the transmission of neural impulses to the brain.
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Buynuz qişanın içinde bulunan kamera mayesi, gözün ön kamerasıdır.
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Kamera mayesi sadəcə su və duzdur, gözün önünde yerləşir.
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Bu maye kamerası görüntülər qalın və ya nazik edən faktoru kirpikli cisim adlanır.
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Kirpikli cisim bağlardan təşkil olunur, suspensiar bağlarına bağlanır.
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Suspensiar bağlar kirpikli əzələlərə de bağlanır, formasını dəyişir və bu hissəni yaradır.
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Bu hissədən oluşan göz bəbəyi, ölçüsü qüzehli qişa tərəfindən idarə olunan dəlik əsasdir.
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Gözün arxa kamerasıdır, arxa kamera şüşəvari cisimdən təşkil olunur.
-
Şüşəvari cisim, arxa kameradan yerləşən jele kimi bir maddədir, su, duz və zülaldan ibarətdir.
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Tor qişanın göz alının arxasına daxil olduqda tor qişa adlanan hissəyə keçir.
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Tor qişa, flaş sönəndikdə işıq yolu gözün arxasına daxil olur və kamera tərəfindən çəkilir.
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Qırmızı göz effektini azaltma xüsusiyyəti var, iki flaşınızda sönsə, ikinci flaş şəkil çəkmək üçün sönəndikdə göz bəbəyi çox kiçik olur və tor qişadan az işıq daxil olunur.
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Tor qişa gözün arxası ilə liflər göndərir və bu liflər beyinə gedir.
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The conjunctiva protects the cornea from being scratched when rubbed, and helps keep it moisturized and protected from debris.
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The cornea is the first part of the eye that can be seen, it bends incoming light rays slightly.
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The aqueous humor is a fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye; it's a watery substance that helps maintain eye pressure.
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The lens, a bi-convex structure located behind the cornea, bends light rays further and can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.
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The ciliary body, located behind the lens, is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens and secreting the aqueous humor.
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The iris, the colored part of the eye, controls the size of the pupil, the opening in the center, to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.
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The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor, a jelly-like substance that helps suspend the lens and maintain eye structure.
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The retina, the innermost layer of the eye, is responsible for converting light rays into neural impulses that the brain can understand.
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When taking photos in the dark, the flash can cause the red-eye effect due to the reflection of light off the retina. To prevent this, some cameras use a red-eye reduction feature that constricts the pupil before taking the photo.
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The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.
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Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.
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Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.
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When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.
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This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.
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Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).
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PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.
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The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.
-
The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.
-
The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.
-
Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.
-
Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.
-
When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.
-
This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.
-
Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).
-
PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.
-
The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.
-
The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.
-
The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.
-
Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.
-
Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.
-
When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.
-
This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.
-
Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).
-
PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.
-
The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.
-
The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.
-
The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.
-
Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.
-
Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.
-
When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.
-
This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.
-
Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).
-
PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.
-
The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.
-
The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.
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Test your knowledge of visual perception and cues with this quiz. Explore how humans make inferences and organize perception using depth, form, motion, and constancy. Understand the role of binocular cues in providing depth perception.
