Visual Perception and Cues

o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.

• Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
• Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
• Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.

o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.

• Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
• Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
• Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
• Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.

o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.

• The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.

o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.

• Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.

o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.

• Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
• Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
• Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
• Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.

o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.

• Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
• Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.

o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.

• Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.

o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.

• Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.

o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.

• Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
• Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
• Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.

o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.

• Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
• Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
• Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
• Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.

o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.

• The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.

o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.

• Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.

o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.

• Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
• Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
• Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
• Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.

o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.

• Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
• Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.

o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.

• Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.

o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.

• Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.

o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.

• Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
• Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
• Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.

o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.

• Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
• Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
• Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
• Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.

o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.

• The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.

o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.

• Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.

o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.

• Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
• Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
• Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
• Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.

o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.

• Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
• Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.

o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.

• Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.

o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.

• Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.

o Monocular cues of constancy: our perception of object's size, shape, and color remains constant despite changes in the image on the retina.

• Size constancy: objects closer appear larger, but we still perceive them as the same size.
• Shape constancy: objects with changing shapes maintain the same perceived shape.
• Color constancy: despite changes in lighting, we understand that the object is the same color.

o Sensory adaptation: our senses can change their sensitivity to stimuli.

• Hearing adaptation: inner ear muscles contract in response to high noise to protect the ear drum.
• Touch: temperature receptors become desensitized over time.
• Smell: receptors become desensitized to molecule sensory information over time.
• Proprioception: the sense of the body's position in space.

o Weber's Law: the threshold at which a change in sensation is noticeable is related to the initial intensity of the stimulus.

• The change in intensity must be a certain percentage of the initial intensity to be noticeable.

o Absolute threshold of sensation: the minimum intensity of a stimulus needed to detect it 50% of the time.

• Can be influenced by psychological states such as expectations, experience, motivation, and alertness.

o Somatosensation: the sensation of touch, temperature, pain, and position.

• Types: temperature (thermoception), pressure (mechanoception), pain (nociception), and position (proprioception).
• Intensity: how quickly neurons fire to register a sensation.
• Timing: neurons encode timing in non-adapting, slow-adapting, or fast-adapting ways.
• Location: location-specific stimuli are sent to the brain via dermatomes.

o Vestibular system: a sensation system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.

• Comes from both inner ear and limbs.
• Focus on inner ear: the semicircular canals detect head movement and the otolithic organs detect linear acceleration and head positioning.

o Endolymph: the fluid in the semicircular canals that shifts when we rotate our head, indicating the direction and strength of movement.

• Does not stop spinning at the same rate as we do, resulting in dizziness.

o Signal Detection Theory: a theory looking at how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning between important stimuli and unimportant noise.

• Originally used in sonar to determine if a signal was a small fish or large whale.

• Günəşdən gələn işıq göz bəbəyinə daxil olursa, bir kiçik oğlan dayanır. O, günəşə baxır.

• Bu kiçik bəbək, işığın daxil olduğu gözün kiçik dəliyidir, onun başının ön hissəsidir.

• Işıq gözə daxil olunur və gözün arxasında torlu qişa adlanan xüsusi bir quruluş var.

• Torlu qişanın içərisində iki hüceyrə var: çöpcük və kolbacıq.

• Çöpcük həmin hüceyrələrdən ibarətdir, qırpıq formasına sahibdir və onların etdikləri, işığa qarşı həqiqətən çox həssasdırlar.

• Kolbacıq isə, kolbacıqlar daha azdır və kolbaca kimi göründüyü üçün adlandılır. Her torlu qişada altı ilə yeddi milyon kolbacıq var.

• Rəngli görmə üçün cavabdehdirlər. Üç müxtəlif növ kolbacıqlar var: qırmızı, yaşıl və mavi.

• Çöpcük söndürülməsi, işıq torlu qişaya dəyəndə baş verənlər ümumiyyətlə bir prosesdür. Çöpcüyün söndürülməsində bipolyar hüceyrəni işə salır.

• Birşəhər ölkədə, gözünüzün kənarında çoxlu çöpcük və kolbacıqlar var ki, gecə görməyə imkan verir.

• Fototransduksiya kaskadı, işıq çöpcüğa və ya kolbacığa dəyən sıra şeylərdir. Onun sonunda, retinal qanqlion hüceyrəsi işə salır və beyinə daxil olur.

• The sun emits light rays that enter the human eye through the pupil.

• The retina, a membrane at the back of the eye, is responsible for converting light into neural impulses.

• Rods and cones are two important types of cells in the retina: rods are sensitive to light and are responsible for night vision (around 120 million), while cones are responsible for color vision (around 6-7 million).

• Cones are concentrated in the fovea, the part of the eye responsible for fine detail vision.

• Rods and cones have different functions: rods are sensitive to low light levels and distribute throughout the retina for peripheral vision, while cones are responsible for color vision and are primarily located in the fovea.

• There are three types of cones, each sensitive to red, green, and blue light.

• The phototransduction cascade is a process that occurs when light hits a rod or cone, leading to the activation of various cells (bipolar and retinal ganglion cells) and the transmission of neural impulses to the brain.

• Buynuz qişanın içinde bulunan kamera mayesi, gözün ön kamerasıdır.

• Kamera mayesi sadəcə su və duzdur, gözün önünde yerləşir.

• Bu maye kamerası görüntülər qalın və ya nazik edən faktoru kirpikli cisim adlanır.

• Kirpikli cisim bağlardan təşkil olunur, suspensiar bağlarına bağlanır.

• Suspensiar bağlar kirpikli əzələlərə de bağlanır, formasını dəyişir və bu hissəni yaradır.

• Bu hissədən oluşan göz bəbəyi, ölçüsü qüzehli qişa tərəfindən idarə olunan dəlik əsasdir.

• Gözün arxa kamerasıdır, arxa kamera şüşəvari cisimdən təşkil olunur.

• Şüşəvari cisim, arxa kameradan yerləşən jele kimi bir maddədir, su, duz və zülaldan ibarətdir.

• Tor qişanın göz alının arxasına daxil olduqda tor qişa adlanan hissəyə keçir.

• Tor qişa, flaş sönəndikdə işıq yolu gözün arxasına daxil olur və kamera tərəfindən çəkilir.

• Qırmızı göz effektini azaltma xüsusiyyəti var, iki flaşınızda sönsə, ikinci flaş şəkil çəkmək üçün sönəndikdə göz bəbəyi çox kiçik olur və tor qişadan az işıq daxil olunur.

• Tor qişa gözün arxası ilə liflər göndərir və bu liflər beyinə gedir.

• The conjunctiva protects the cornea from being scratched when rubbed, and helps keep it moisturized and protected from debris.

• The cornea is the first part of the eye that can be seen, it bends incoming light rays slightly.

• The aqueous humor is a fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye; it's a watery substance that helps maintain eye pressure.

• The lens, a bi-convex structure located behind the cornea, bends light rays further and can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.

• The ciliary body, located behind the lens, is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens and secreting the aqueous humor.

• The iris, the colored part of the eye, controls the size of the pupil, the opening in the center, to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.

• The posterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor, a jelly-like substance that helps suspend the lens and maintain eye structure.

• The retina, the innermost layer of the eye, is responsible for converting light rays into neural impulses that the brain can understand.

• When taking photos in the dark, the flash can cause the red-eye effect due to the reflection of light off the retina. To prevent this, some cameras use a red-eye reduction feature that constricts the pupil before taking the photo.

• The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.

• Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.

• Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.

• When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.

• This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.

• Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).

• PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.

• The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.

• The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.

• The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.

• Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.

• Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.

• When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.

• This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.

• Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).

• PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.

• The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.

• The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.

• The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.

• Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.

• Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.

• When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.

• This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.

• Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).

• PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.

• The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.

• The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.

• The phototransduction cascade allows the brain to understand and make sense of the world by realizing there is light and interpreting what is being seen.

• Inside rods (and cones) are thin disks filled with proteins, including rhodopsin.

• Rhodopsin is a multimeric protein with seven subunits, and inside it is a small molecule called retinal.

• When light hits the retina and rhodopsin, retinal changes shape from 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal, causing rhodopsin to change shape as well.

• This change in rhodopsin triggers the release of a molecule called transducin.

• Transducin consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin breaks away and binds to an enzyme called phosphodiesterase (PDE).

• PDE converts cyclic GMP to regular GMP, reducing its concentration and causing sodium channels to close.

• The closing of sodium channels results in the rods turning off, and without light, they are in an "on" state allowing sodium to flow in.

• The turning off of rods leads to the activation of bipolar cells, which helps in the transmission of visual information to the brain.

Test your knowledge of visual perception and cues with this quiz. Explore how humans make inferences and organize perception using depth, form, motion, and constancy. Understand the role of binocular cues in providing depth perception.