Vision and Action: Perception Theories
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Questions and Answers

What does Gibson’s concept of direct perception emphasize?

  • Object identification as the primary function of perception
  • The relationship between perception and action (correct)
  • The reliance on cognitive processing for perception
  • The separation of perception from action

In the context of optic flow, what does the focus of expansion refer to?

  • The point of maximum speed in the visual field
  • The point where the observer begins to experience motion
  • The point where light is most abundantly gathered
  • The point where the visual environment appears to be stationary (correct)

How does the optic flow affect a pilot during landing?

  • It causes disorientation when approaching the landing strip
  • It provides a clear indication of distance and speed of objects (correct)
  • It enhances the cognitive processing of flight mechanics
  • It simplifies navigation by removing all visual cues

Which of the following statements best describes Gibson's view on information pickup?

<p>It occurs instantly without complex information processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of perception does Gibson's ecological approach focus on?

<p>The direct relationship between perceiving and interacting with the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strength of direct perception in evaluating visual stimuli?

<p>Emphasizes ecological validity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which limitation is associated with the theory of direct perception?

<p>It overlooks the significance of motion in visual perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does direct perception differ from cognitive approaches to understanding perception?

<p>Direct perception emphasizes ecological validity over cognitive processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of perception does direct perception emphasize as important?

<p>Motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an anticipated development in perception according to the direct perception perspective?

<p>The vision-for-action system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does optic flow help observers perceive?

<p>Their direction of self-motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of optic flow?

<p>Perceiving colors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gibson, what defines the concept of affordances?

<p>The potential uses of objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the notion of affordances relate to perception and action?

<p>Perception includes possibilities for action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the research by Wilf et al. (2013) indicate about graspable objects?

<p>They trigger rapid activity in the motor system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gibson's definition, what do affordances NOT depend on?

<p>The animal's mind (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies an affordance?

<p>A staircase that allows ascending (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'optic flow' relate to in terms of visual perception?

<p>Movement-related visual changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the planning system in the planning-control model?

<p>To select an appropriate target (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily involved in the planning process according to the planning-control model?

<p>Frontal lobes and basal ganglia (A), Inferior parietal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does proprioception play in the control system of the planning-control model?

<p>It ensures movements are accurate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the two dorsal visual streams is correct?

<p>The dorso-dorsal stream processes object properties like size and shape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding from the study conducted by Namdar et al. (2014)?

<p>Grip aperture changes occurred during the planning phase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain primarily influences the control system's processes?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the planning-control model suggest the planning and control processes are related?

<p>They are sequential and independent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general speed of the control system in comparison to the planning system?

<p>Faster than planning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Purpose of Perception

Perception allows us to interact with our environment, providing information about the surrounding world.

Direct Perception

Gibson's theory emphasizes the direct relationship between perception and action, suggesting that we perceive the world 'as it is' without much processing.

Ambient Optic Array

The pattern of light reaching the eye provides information about object layout and the environment, allowing for direct understanding.

Optic Flow

The changes in the pattern of light reaching the eye when an observer moves or parts of the environment move. It provides crucial information about movement and direction.

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Focus of Expansion

The point towards which an object is moving in optic flow. It appears motionless, while the rest of the environment seems to move away from it.

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What is Electromyography (EMG)?

Electromyography (EMG) is a technique used to measure and record the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.

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Direct perception: Strengths

Direct perception emphasizes the ecological validity of perception, highlighting the richness of information contained within visual stimuli, particularly in motion.

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Direct perception: Limitations

Direct perception criticizes the oversimplification of perception, arguing that processes involved are more complex and cognitive than suggested by Gibson's theory.

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Direct perception: Importance of motion

Direct perception emphasizes the importance of motion in perception and disagrees with studying static observers viewing static displays.

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Direct perception: Future developments

Direct perception anticipates future developments in perception research, acknowledging the importance of top-down processes such as knowledge and experience in shaping perception.

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Perceiving direction of self-motion

Optic flow signals the direction we are moving towards, even when the observer is stationary within a moving environment. This helps us sense our own motion.

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Optic flow's role in guiding actions

Optic flow provides visual cues to direct our actions like steering, navigating towards a target, and smoothly traversing through a space. It's more than just seeing; it's a visual roadmap.

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Optic flow for balance and posture

Optic flow helps us maintain balance and posture, even as we move in a dynamic environment. It's a fundamental part of our coordination.

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Optic flow for collision avoidance

Optic flow is crucial for avoiding collisions, predicting obstacles, and executing smooth pathways. It's how we safely navigate and avoid bumping into things.

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Affordances

Affordances are the possibilities for actions that an object offers to an observer. It's not about what the object is, but what it allows us to do.

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Directly Perceivable Affordances

Affordances are automatically perceived, making them directly perceptible rather than something we need to learn. We instinctively understand a door's affordance to open.

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Object-Based Affordances

Affordances are opportunities for action that exist independently of the observer's mind. They're inherent properties of objects, not interpretations.

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Planning-Control Model

A model that proposes two distinct stages in goal-directed movements: planning and control.

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Planning System

The initial stage of movement, responsible for selecting the target, planning the grasp, and determining the timing of the movement.

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Control System

The stage that happens after planning and ensures accurate execution of the movement.

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Proprioception

The ability to sense the position and movement of one's body parts.

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Brain Areas Involved in Planning

The brain regions responsible for planning movement, including visual representation in the inferior parietal lobe and motor processes in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia.

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Brain Areas Involved in Control

The brain regions responsible for controlling movement, including visual representation in the superior parietal lobe and motor processes in the cerebellum.

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Dorso-Dorsal Stream

A dorsal visual stream that rapidly processes accessible object properties like size and shape, enabling quick grasping actions.

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Ventro-Dorsal Stream

A dorsal visual stream that slowly uses stored knowledge about objects, allowing for more deliberate and complex actions.

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Study Notes

Vision and Action

  • Vision's purpose is "keeping in touch with the environment"
  • Perception and action are interconnected
  • Gibson's direct theory of perception: Information pickup from the ambient optic array
  • Optic flow: Changes in light patterns as the observer moves or parts of the visual environment move
  • Optic flow provides visual guidance for numerous actions like steering and avoiding collisions
  • Optic flow helps in perceiving object shape and environmental layout
  • Affordances: Potential uses of objects, directly perceivable (e.g., a ladder affords ascent)
  • Affordances are not dependent on the mind; they simply make actions possible

Direct Perception: Evaluation

  • Strengths: Ecological validity, importance of motion in perception, anticipating future developments like vision-for-action systems
  • Limitations: Oversimplified the role of cognitive processes in perception, underestimated the importance of top-down processes

Planning-Control Model

  • Planning system: Used before movement initiation, selects target, decides grasping method, establishes timing
  • Planning system depends on visual representation in the inferior parietal lobe and motor processes in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia
  • Control system: Used after the planning system; ensures accuracy by comparing actual to desired movement; influenced by the object's spatial characteristics and relies on visual representation in the superior parietal lobe and motor processes in the cerebellum
  • Planning control model: Various factors such as semantic properties influence the planning stage but not the subsequent control stage

Two Dorsal Visual Streams

  • Two pathways for visual information processing: Dorso-dorsal and ventro-dorsal streams.
  • Dorso-dorsal stream, quick and automatic, relies on readily available object properties for tasks like grasping
  • Ventro-dorsal stream, slower and online, utilizes prior knowledge of objects
  • Empirical evidence: Brain-damaged patients support this distinction; patients with damage to the ventro-dorsal stream show impaired goal-directed actions and those with damage to the dorso-dorsal stream show impaired online motor control in reaching and grasping.

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Vision And Action PDF

Description

Explore the relationship between vision and action in this quiz. Delve into Gibson's direct theory of perception and the role of optic flow in guiding actions. Understand affordances and evaluate the strengths and limitations of direct perception in environmental interactions.

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