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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the family of viruses that includes Rotavirus?
What is the name of the family of viruses that includes Rotavirus?
Reoviridae
Which of the following viruses can cause gastroenteritis?
Which of the following viruses can cause gastroenteritis?
Viral gastroenteritis is a major cause of death in adults.
Viral gastroenteritis is a major cause of death in adults.
False
What is the main member of the Reoviridae family that is of medical importance?
What is the main member of the Reoviridae family that is of medical importance?
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Rotavirus has ___ shells surrounding its RNA.
Rotavirus has ___ shells surrounding its RNA.
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How is infection by Rotavirus primarily transmitted?
How is infection by Rotavirus primarily transmitted?
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What is the treatment for Rotavirus infection?
What is the treatment for Rotavirus infection?
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RotaTeq is a live attenuated vaccine that contains two rotavirus strains.
RotaTeq is a live attenuated vaccine that contains two rotavirus strains.
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Which group of viruses does Norovirus belong to?
Which group of viruses does Norovirus belong to?
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What are the common symptoms of norovirus infection?
What are the common symptoms of norovirus infection?
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Noroviruses are a genetically diverse group of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, ___ viruses.
Noroviruses are a genetically diverse group of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, ___ viruses.
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Study Notes
Viruses Infecting the GIT and Liver
- Viral infections of the GIT and liver are common.
- Viruses causing GIT infection and diarrhea, like Reoviruses, Astroviruses, and Norovirus, result in millions of lost working days annually.
- Viral gastroenteritis is responsible for about 1,000 child deaths daily, with higher incidence in developing countries.
- Viral hepatitis affects many people worldwide, posing a significant health problem in Egypt.
Reoviridae
- Reoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses.
- The name originates from "respiratory," "entero," and "orphan," reflecting initial isolation from respiratory secretions and stool without associating with a specific human disease.
- Rotavirus is the main medically significant member of this family.
Reoviruses
- Reoviruses are double-stranded RNA, non-enveloped viruses with icosahedral capsids.
- Their virion capsids consist of two or three separate layers.
- The core contains the double-stranded RNA genome.
- The genome comprises 10-12 segments categorized by size: L (large), M (medium), and S (small).
Rotavirus
- Rotavirus is the primary member of the Reoviridae family.
- Possesses three shells: an outer capsid, an inner capsid, and a core that encloses 11 segments of double-stranded RNA.
Rotavirus Infections
- Rotavirus infections cause endemic/epidemic gastroenteritis and infantile diarrhea, a leading cause of death in developing countries.
- Rotavirus infections are typically self-limited, uncommon in adults but potentially fatal for infants without proper treatment.
- Rotavirus infections are widespread in children, particularly in day-care settings.
Diagnosis and Management of Rotavirus Infections
- Infection occurs through the fecal-oral route.
- Diagnosis is confirmed by detecting the virus in stool through electron microscopy (E/M) or isolation by culture.
- Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy using isotonic glucose/mineral salt solutions.
- There are currently no specific antiviral drugs for Rotavirus infections.
Rotavirus Vaccines
- Rotarix is a monovalent, human, live attenuated rotavirus vaccine containing one rotavirus strain.
- It is administered orally in two doses at 2 and 4 months of age.
- RotaTeq is a live attenuated, oral pentavalent vaccine containing five rotavirus strains produced by reassortment.
- RotaTeq (RV5) is given in three doses at 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of age.
Gastroenteritis Caused by Noroviruses
- Noroviruses, commonly known as Norwalk viruses, belong to the Caliciviruses family.
- Several strains can cause gastroenteritis.
- Millions of cases occur annually, primarily in infants, young children, and the elderly.
Noroviruses (NoV)
- Noroviruses are a genetically diverse group of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, non-enveloped viruses classified under Caliciviridae.
- Noroviruses are categorized into seven different genogroups (GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, and GVII), further subdivided into various genetic clusters or genotypes.
- Most human-infecting noroviruses belong to genogroups GI and GII.
Norovirus Symptoms
- The signs and symptoms of norovirus infection resemble those of rotavirus: watery diarrhea, mild cramps, and fever.
- Some infections cause projectile vomiting.
- The illness is typically mild, developing 12-48 hours after exposure and resolving within 2 days without treatment.
- Dehydration can occur.
Norovirus Diagnosis
- Norovirus can be diagnosed using PCR or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing.
- RT-qPCR is the preferred method due to EIA's insufficient sensitivity.
- No specific medications are available for norovirus infections.
Gastroenteritis Caused by Astroviruses
- Astroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Astroviridae family.
- They cause gastroenteritis, primarily in young children.
- Astroviruses are prevalent worldwide, particularly in areas with poor sanitation.
Astrovirus Infections
- Astrovirus infections cause gastroenteritis, typically characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
- Symptoms usually resolve within a week without specific treatment.
Enteroviruses and their Family Picornaviridae
- Enteroviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family.
- They are common and can cause a wide range of illnesses, including gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, and neurological diseases.
- Enteroviruses are spread through the fecal-oral route and can survive in the environment for extended periods.
Poliovirus and Poliomyelitis
- Poliovirus is a highly contagious enterovirus that can cause poliomyelitis.
- Poliomyelitis is a serious infectious disease that can lead to paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
- Poliovirus is spread through the fecal-oral route and can survive in the environment for long periods.
Poliovirus Vaccine
- Two main types of poliovirus vaccines are available:
- Salk vaccine (inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV))
- Sabin vaccine (oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV))
Salk Vaccine (IPV)
- The Salk vaccine is an inactivated poliovirus vaccine that contains poliovirus that has been killed.
- It is administered by injection and provides immunity against all three poliovirus types.
- It is safe and effective, and it is the preferred vaccine in many countries.
Sabine Vaccine (OPV)
- The Sabin vaccine is an oral poliovirus vaccine that contains live, weakened poliovirus.
- It is administered orally and provides immunity against all three poliovirus types.
- It is safe and effective, but it can rarely cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP).
Clinical Case: Ali, a 3-Year-Old Child
- Ali, a 3-year-old child, presented with fever, vomiting, and diarrhea.
- He was diagnosed with viral gastroenteritis by a physician.
- The doctor inquired about Ali's recent poliovirus vaccine booster and rotavirus vaccination status.
- Ali was prescribed fluids for dehydration, and he fully recovered a few days later.
- Ali received the rotavirus vaccine upon his visit for a follow-up appointment.
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Description
Explore the impact of viral infections on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. This quiz covers key viruses like Reoviruses, Astroviruses, and Norovirus, along with their health implications, especially in children and developing nations.
