Viruses and Gene Therapy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of using viruses in gene therapy?

  • To act as vectors for gene delivery (correct)
  • To produce vaccines
  • To stimulate host immune responses
  • To replicate the viruses

Live attenuated vaccines are created using weakened forms of bacteria.

False (B)

What type of viruses are being researched for targeted cancer therapies?

Oncolytic viruses

Viruses can be engineered to produce _______ for research and therapeutic use.

<p>recombinant proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the role of viruses with its application:

<p>Gene Delivery = Therapeutic genes to cells Vaccine Development = Stimulate immune response Oncology Research = Targeted cancer therapies Antiviral Drug Development = Screen for antiviral compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is NOT mentioned as a tool for gene therapy?

<p>Herpesvirus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research on environmental viruses focuses solely on their effects on human health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers aim to understand by studying the evolution of viruses?

<p>How viruses adapt and evolve in response to environmental pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are organisms that use decaying life forms for energy called?

<p>Saprophytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaea have peptidoglycans in their cell walls.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of archaean that produces methane.

<p>methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment, making them ______.

<p>decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of protozoa with their locomotion method:

<p>Flagellates = Whip-like structure Ciliates = Tiny hair-like structures Amoeboids = False feet or pseudopodia Sporozoans = Non-motile</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of archaean?

<p>Ciliates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Algae are multicellular organisms that can only perform photosynthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of fungal cell walls?

<p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using viral biopesticides in agriculture?

<p>They reduce the need for chemical pesticides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses only have detrimental effects on agriculture.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using viruses as vectors in genetic engineering?

<p>To transfer genes into plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is an example of a virus used as a biocontrol agent against insect pests.

<p>Baculovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following viruses to their respective impact:

<p>Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) = Causes significant yield losses in crops Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) = Infects a wide range of plants Baculovirus = Used in biocontrol against insect pests Viral vectors = Facilitates gene transfer in genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about viral resistance in plant breeding is true?

<p>It helps enhance the resilience of crop varieties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Understanding viral threats is not important for food security.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ studies reveal how viruses affect plant community dynamics in agricultural ecosystems.

<p>Ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of filtration in microbiology?

<p>To isolate bacteria from liquids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selective media allows the growth of all types of bacteria without restriction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pore size commonly used in membrane filters for bacterial isolation?

<p>0.45 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method that enhances the growth of specific microorganisms by adjusting nutrients and conditions is called ______.

<p>enrichment culture techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of media with their descriptions:

<p>Selective Media = Suppress growth of unwanted bacteria Differential Media = Differentiate organisms based on biochemical reactions Blood Agar = For hemolytic bacteria MacConkey Agar = For Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining technique is crucial for differentiating bacteria?

<p>Gram stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples are commonly used for virus isolation?

<p>Clinical specimens and environmental samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses can replicate independently outside a host cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is not part of catabolism?

<p>Protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facultative anaerobes can only grow in the presence of oxygen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nitrogen fixation in bacteria?

<p>Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of converting glucose to pyruvate is known as ______.

<p>glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microbial activities with their descriptions:

<p>Catabolism = Breakdown of organic compounds to release energy Anabolism = Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones Fermentation = Anaerobic breakdown of sugars producing acids or alcohol Respiration = Aerobic or anaerobic process generating ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism obtains carbon from organic compounds?

<p>Heterotrophs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All microorganisms can perform photosynthesis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the two main divisions of metabolism.

<p>Catabolism and Anabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of antigens are produced within the body?

<p>Endogenous Antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to antigens.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an epitope?

<p>The specific part of the antigen that is recognized by antibodies or T-cell receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ are large, complex molecules that can induce an immune response.

<p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence antigenicity?

<p>Color (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the classes of antibodies with their descriptions:

<p>IgG = Most abundant in serum; long-term immunity IgA = Found in mucosal areas and secretions IgM = First antibody produced in response to an infection IgE = Involved in allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autoantigens can trigger an autoimmune response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the variable region in antibodies?

<p>Responsible for antigen binding and specificity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Saprophytic Bacteria

Bacteria that obtain energy by decomposing dead organisms.

Archaea Cell Wall

Archaea cell walls lack peptidoglycans unlike bacteria.

Archaea Habitats

Archaea thrive in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes.

Fungi Cell Type

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with a true nucleus.

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Fungal Nutrition

Fungi absorb nutrients through their hyphae, which act as tiny feeding structures.

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Protozoa Locomotion

Protozoa move using structures like flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia.

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Algae Nutrition

Algae obtain energy through photosynthesis.

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Algae Structure

Algae can be unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes.

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Viral Replication

The process of a virus making copies of itself inside a host cell.

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Gene Therapy Vectors

Viruses modified to carry and deliver therapeutic genes into cells.

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Vaccine Development

Creating vaccines using weakened or inactivated viruses to stimulate immunity against a disease.

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Recombinant Protein Production

Using modified viruses to create proteins for research and treatment.

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Oncolytic Viruses

Viruses specifically targeting and killing cancer cells.

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Viral Evolution

How viruses change over time in response to environmental factors and host defenses.

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Antiviral Drug Screening

Using viruses to identify potential treatments for viral infections.

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Viral Ecology

Studying the role viruses play in ecosystems, for example, their impact on microbes and nutrient cycles.

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Crop Diseases

Plant diseases caused by viruses, leading to yield reduction.

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Viral Biopesticides

Viruses used to control pests, reducing pesticide need.

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Gene Transfer (viruses)

Using viruses to insert genes into plants for better traits.

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Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Study of how viruses infect and spread in plants, understanding immunity.

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Viral Resistance

Plant traits that protect against viral infections.

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Marker-Assisted Selection

Identifying and choosing plants with desired traits, like viral resistance, for breeding.

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Food Security

Ensuring enough food for people, especially in regions with specific crops.

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Agricultural Sustainability

Farming practices that meet current needs without harming the environment or future generations.

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What is the purpose of bacterial isolation?

To obtain a pure culture of bacteria for research, diagnostics, and industrial applications.

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What is a membrane filter used for in bacterial isolation?

A membrane filter traps bacteria during liquid sample filtration, separating them from the liquid.

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What is the main difference between selective and differential media?

Selective media allows only specific bacteria to grow, while differential media visually distinguishes between different bacteria based on their properties.

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What is the purpose of enrichment culture?

To increase the number of desired microorganisms in a mixed population.

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Gram Staining

A technique used to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall composition: Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layer) or Gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layer).

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What is the importance of virus isolation?

Virus isolation enables us to study viral pathogenesis, develop vaccines, and conduct virological research and diagnostics.

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What makes viruses challenging to isolate?

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they can only replicate inside living cells.

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What are common sources of viruses?

Common sources of viruses include clinical specimens like blood, saliva, and tissues, and environmental samples like water and soil.

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Antigens

Substances that trigger an immune response by being recognized as foreign by the body. They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific antigens. They neutralize or eliminate foreign invaders by binding to them.

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Exogenous Antigens

Antigens that originate from outside the body, like bacteria, viruses, or toxins.

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Endogenous Antigens

Antigens produced within the body, often from mutated cells or normal cellular processes.

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Autoantigens

Normal self-antigens that the immune system mistakenly targets, leading to autoimmune diseases.

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Epitope

The specific part of an antigen that antibodies or T-cell receptors recognize and bind to.

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IgG

The most abundant antibody in serum, providing long-term immunity and crossing the placenta to protect the fetus.

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IgA

Found in mucosal areas and secretions, protecting against pathogens entering through the nose, mouth, and gut.

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Facultative anaerobes

Organisms that can grow with or without oxygen, capable of switching between aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on the environment.

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Catabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.

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Anabolism

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

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Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH; the first step of cellular respiration.

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Krebs Cycle

Cycle of reactions that further oxidizes pyruvate, producing CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2; the second stage of cellular respiration.

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Fermentation

Anaerobic breakdown of sugars, producing acids, gases, or alcohols (e.g., lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation).

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Respiration

Aerobic or anaerobic processes that generate ATP via the electron transport chain.

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Nitrogen Fixation

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) by certain bacteria, crucial for plant nutrition.

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Study Notes

History of Microbiology

  • Microbiology is a field that spans centuries, involving key discoveries and innovations.
  • Ancient civilizations had some understanding of infections and sanitation.
  • The miasma theory, the belief that diseases were caused by "bad air," was prevalent for centuries.
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1670s) observed single-celled organisms, laying groundwork for future studies.
  • Louis Pasteur (1860s) disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization.
  • Robert Koch (1876) developed a systematic method for linking microorganisms to specific diseases.
  • Advances in techniques and discoveries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries included aseptic techniques, vaccination, and the understanding of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
  • Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, leading to the development of antibiotics.

Classification of Organisms

  • Organisms are classified into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
  • Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
  • Examples of prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea.
  • Examples of eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Types of Prokaryotes

  • Bacteria are a diverse group found in various environments; some are pathogenic, some are beneficial.
  • Archaea are extremophiles that thrive in harsh conditions like high temperature, salinity, etc.

Types of Eukaryotes

  • Animals are multicellular organisms without cell walls, and they are heterotrophic.
  • Plants are multicellular and autotrophic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.
  • Fungi are mostly multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, and have cell walls made of chitin.
  • Protists are mostly unicellular, and they can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Cellular Structure and Function

  • Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that display a diverse range of structures and biochemical properties.
  • Archaea are prokaryotic cells with a variety of extreme environmental conditions.
  • Eubacteria have a thick peptidoglycan wall, and the structure of the cell wall allows for classification as Gram positive or Gram negative.
  • Eukaryotic cells are more complex with a significant number of organelles.

Microbial Metabolism and Processes

  • Microorganisms use various substrates as energy sources.
  • Autotrophs produce their own food using light energy (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis).
  • Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic molecules.
  • Bacteria perform diverse metabolic activities, including aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
  • Microbial metabolic processes play important roles in nutrient cycling such as the nitrogen and carbon cycles.

Microbial Reproduction

  • Bacterial reproduction typically involves binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction where one cell divides into two.
  • Viruses use host cells to reproduce.

Isolation Methods

  • Isolation of microorganisms refers to obtaining a pure culture of a specific microorganism from a mixed population.
  • Common techniques for isolation include spread plate, streak plate, and pour plate methods.
  • Other techniques can include selective and differential medias, enrichment cultures, and microscopy.

Sterilization and Disinfection

  • Sterilization aims to completely destroy all microbial life, while disinfection reduces the number of pathogens.
  • Physical methods, such as autoclaving and dry heat sterilization, are used.
  • Chemical methods, such as chlorine compounds and alcohols, are also utilized to sterilize or disinfect.

Antibiotics and Other Therapies

  • Antibiotics and other antiviral treatments are essential for treating infections.
  • They attack specific viral components.
  • Ongoing research improves the therapies and treatments.

Food Microbiology

  • Food microbiology studies microorganisms that live in, contaminate, or are purposefully added to food.
  • Some microorganisms can improve the quality of food.
  • Harmful microorganisms can cause illness or spoilage in food, and techniques like pasteurization are used to prevent this.

Milk Microbiology

  • Milk microbiology studies microorganisms in milk and dairy products focusing on the roles microorganisms play in fermentation, spoilage, and food safety.
  • Bacterial cultures are utilized for desirable results, some examples include the production of yogurt and cheese.
  • Several methods, like pasteurization, are used to control or prevent microbial growth.

Air Microbiology

  • Air microbiology studies microorganisms in the atmosphere.
  • Some microorganisms are more prevalent during certain times of the year or seasons.
  • These microorganisms can cause allergic reactions and illness.

Virology

  • Viruses are unique entities that exist at the edge of living and non-living entities.
  • Viruses use a host cell for replication and therefore are intracellular parasites.
  • Viruses reproduce through the lytic or lysogenic cycle.
  • Identification of viruses can be done by testing for viral antigens, by isolating them in cell cultures, or by employing molecular techniques.

Antigens and Antibodies

  • Antigens are substances that stimulate an immune response in the body.
  • Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to defend the body from invaders.
  • Key differences exist between the types of antigens and antibodies.
  • Antigens and antibodies play a crucial role in the immune response.

General Microbiology

  • Microbiology deals with the study of microscopic organisms.
  • There are various types of microbes that have roles in diverse areas.

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MCB 221 General Microbiology Lecture Notes 2024-25 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the role of viruses in gene therapy and their applications in medicine. This quiz covers various aspects of virology, including the types of viruses used in targeted cancer therapies, the relationship between archaea and their environments, and the functions of fungi and protozoa. Get ready to explore the fascinating world of microorganisms!

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