40 Questions
What is the primary function of the viral capsid?
To aid in the delivery of nucleic acid to the host cell for infection
What is the difference between naked and enveloped virus release?
Enveloped viruses are more likely to cause cell damage
What is the function of interferon α in combating viral infection?
Halting protein synthesis in infected cells
How are primary histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules involved in combating viral infection?
Presenting viral antigens to T lymphocytes to induce a cell-mediated immune response
What is the significance of a virus having an envelope?
It impacts how the virus replicates and infects
What is the primary role of natural killer (NK) cells during viral infection?
To destroy infected cells
What is the main purpose of spike glycoproteins and fusion proteins in enveloped viruses?
To assist with viral attachment and entry into host cells
How do viruses differ from bacteria in terms of replication?
Viruses cannot replicate on their own, while bacteria can divide on their own
What is the main difference between viruses and bacteria in terms of metabolic activity?
Viruses are metabolically inert, while bacteria can make energy and encoded proteins
How many families of human pathogens are contained within RNA viruses?
16
What is a virion?
A single, infective, complete, and mature viral particle that can deliver the viral genome and lead to a productive infection in an appropriate host cell
What are the main structures of a virus?
Capsid, Envelope, Genome
What is the primary aim of antiviral medications?
To prevent the virus from completing its metabolic process for self-replication
What is the primary function of Palivizumab?
Targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to prevent fusion to the host cell membrane
What are the side effects of Amantadine?
Nausea, anorexia, nervousness, insomnia, seizures, and livedo reticularis (reddish-blue mottling of the skin)
What is the additional potential use for Amantadine?
Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
How does Acyclovir exert its antiviral activity?
By acting as a substrate and inhibitor of viral DNA-polymerase
What is the function of Interferon-α?
Halting protein synthesis in uninfected cells and helping mount an immune response
What type of viruses are more likely to be transmitted via direct host-to-host contact or inhalation?
Enveloped viruses
What is the main advantage of having an envelope for a virus?
Enveloped viruses have more surface proteins, enhancing their ability to infect and replicate
What determines host range and specificity in viruses?
Cell susceptibility and permissiveness
What are the six steps of the viral replication cycle?
Attachment, uncoating, replication, assembly, release, and maturation
What is the primary target of an effective neutralizing antibody?
Membrane glycoprotein of an enveloped virion
What is the term for the nucleic acid that makes up a viral genome?
DNA or RNA
What is the primary method that viruses use to replicate within host cells?
By using the host cell's machinery and building blocks
How do naked viruses penetrate the host cell?
By creating a new opening in the host cell membrane
What determines which cells/tissues/organisms will be affected by a virus?
Virus cell susceptibility and host cell permissiveness
What is the difference between viral attachment and viral adhesion?
Attachment refers to binding of the virion, adhesion refers to the penetration of the virus into the host cell
How does a virus initially bind to a cell receptor?
Through electrostatic forces, followed by other short-range forces
What is the role of neutralizing antibodies in viral entry?
To block viral penetration into host cells
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?
Facilitate entry of viruses into the nucleus
What are karyopherins responsible for?
Allowing viruses to infect non-dividing, terminally differentiated cells
Which cellular process includes genome duplication, gene transcription, and protein translation?
Cell division
Where does viral assembly occur?
Different cellular compartments
What is limited by the size of the capsid?
Packaging of viral genetic material
What happens during envelopment in enveloped viruses?
They acquire an external membrane layer derived from a host organelle or the plasma membrane
What is the role of the nucleic acid in a virus?
Contains genetic instructions for replication and host cell infection
Which cellular component is involved in allowing viruses to infect non-dividing, terminally differentiated cells?
Karyopherins
What does viral packaging involve?
Incorporation of viral genetic material into the capsid
Where do enveloped viruses acquire an external membrane layer from?
Host organelle or the plasma membrane
Test your knowledge about virus transmission and inactivation with this quiz. Learn about the characteristics of enveloped and naked viruses and their impact on transmission and inactivation via direct host-to-host contact, inhalation, diarrhea, and susceptibility to detergents and mild disinfectants.
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