Virus Resistance in Potato Clones

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Questions and Answers

What are some symptoms caused by potato viruses?

Symptoms caused by potato viruses include spraing, potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease, net necrosis, and deformed tubers.

Which virus is probably the most damaging and widespread virus of potato?

PLRV is probably the most damaging and widespread virus of potato.

What is the next most important virus after PLRV?

PVY is next in importance after PLRV.

What are the characteristics of PVA and PVV?

PVA occurs worldwide and causes symptoms ranging from very mild to fairly severe. PVV is relatively restricted in its distribution and tends to cause few symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Where does PVX occur and what are its symptoms like?

PVX occurs worldwide and tends to have mild symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of comprehensive ER over specific HR for breeding purposes?

Comprehensive ER has obvious advantages over specific HR for breeding purposes because it is effective against several strains of a virus or even several viruses, providing broader protection compared to specific HR. Signup and view all the answers

Why are relatively few cultivars known to have ER to PVX and PVY?

Relatively few cultivars are known to have ER to PVX and PVY because ER genes are generally much more recent introductions to the S. tuberosum gene pool and were introduced from relatively few sources, and S. stoloniferum, the source of some ER genes, does not intercross freely with S. tuberosum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the association of Ry genes with wild characteristics and why do relatively few U.K.-bred cultivars have an Ry gene?

Ry genes are possibly associated with wild characteristics, and relatively few U.K.-bred cultivars have an Ry gene because a higher priority is given to cultivars resistant to PVY in the countries where Ry cultivars have been produced, and possibly an association of Ry genes with wild characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult and time-consuming to select ER when HR is also present in the population?

It is difficult and time-consuming to select ER when HR is also present in the population because expensive and laborious field trials are necessary to assess the resistance to infection, and ER genes may dissipate in outcrossing and are difficult to accurately assess for selection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the resistance to virus accumulation and why is it useful for reducing virus spread within the crop?

Resistance to virus accumulation is the ability of plants to limit the spread and multiplication of viruses, and it is useful for reducing virus spread within the crop because virus is less likely to be acquired and transmitted to other plants by aphids from plants with this type of resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of pathogen-derived resistance to potato viruses and provide examples.

Pathogen-derived resistance involves genetic engineering of plants to resist viruses by introducing viral genes or proteins. An example is the transformation with viral coat protein genes, which can work against virus accumulation. Another example is the coat protein-mediated resistance (CPMR) to potato viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the different forms of resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) accumulation found in Solanum species.

The different forms of resistance to PLRV accumulation include single dominant major gene control in S. chacoense, resistance associated with limited virus spread in certain diploid potato clones, and resistance resulting from impaired movement of the virus from sieve elements to companion cells in the external phloem bundles. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the advantages and potential risks of selecting tolerant cultivars for virus resistance in potatoes.

Tolerant cultivars may be preferred for reasons like yield, quality, and other disease resistance when resistant cultivars are limited. However, there are risks of virus spread from infected symptomless stocks, introducing soil-borne viruses to uncontaminated sites, and infecting new virus-free sites if the vector nematodes are present. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of resistance to virus movement and provide examples from the text.

Resistance to virus movement refers to mechanisms that hinder the spread of viruses within plants. An example is the resistance to PLRV in S. tuberosum clones, which may result from impaired virus movement from sieve elements to companion cells in the external phloem bundles. Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the available host resistance to potato viruses mentioned in the text.

The available host resistance includes HR and ER to various potato viruses in breeding lines, wild species, and cultivars. Some resistances have been used effectively in cultivars for many years. Additionally, there is resistance to PLRV infection, accumulation, or movement in a few cultivars and, to a greater extent, in breeding lines and wild species. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major viruses that affect potato, and how are they transmitted?

The major viruses that affect potato are Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus M (PVM), Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), Potato mop-top virus (PMTV), and Potato spindle-tuber viroid (PSTVd). PLRV is transmitted by aphids in a persistent manner, PVY by aphids in a nonpersistent manner, and PVX is transmitted by contact. PSTVd can be transmitted by aphids if encapsidated by PLRV. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of host resistance to viruses mentioned in the text, and how do they function?

Host resistance to viruses includes extreme resistance (ER) and hypersensitive resistance (HR), which can prevent virus multiplication or cause cell death and necrosis respectively. Infection resistance can be manifested as resistance or unattractiveness to the vector, and resistance to virus accumulation allows the virus to reach only a relatively low concentration in the plant. Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a need for virus resistance in potato, and what is the most economic and environmentally acceptable solution to this need?

The need for virus resistance is great due to the economic losses and costly control measures associated with viral infections. Resistant cultivars are the most economic and environmentally acceptable solution to this need. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of host responses to virus infection mentioned in the text?

Different types of host responses to virus infection include extreme resistance (ER), hypersensitive resistance (HR), infection resistance, and resistance to virus accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the resistance gene nomenclature mentioned in the text?

Resistance gene nomenclature indicates the type and origin of resistance and the virus or strain resisted. It follows the conventions described in Solomon-Blackburn & Barker (2001) for resistance gene nomenclature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between tolerance and resistance in plants?

Tolerance is the ability of a plant to exhibit little or no symptoms in the presence of disease, but is not synonymous with resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is host resistance in plants?

Host resistance is the ability of a plant to limit the spread of a pathogen. Signup and view all the answers

What are some sources of host resistance in S. tuberosum?

Sources of host resistance in S. tuberosum include existing cultivars, improved breeders' clones, and resistance genes in wild species. Signup and view all the answers

What were the early focus of resistance breeding programmes in the 1930s?

The early resistance breeding programmes in the 1930s focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species. Signup and view all the answers

Why are HR and ER genes a focus for breeding?

HR and ER genes are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The term "moderate resistance" is not used here due to its potential applicability to various types of resistance.
Potato clones, such as those resistant to Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV), produce fewer virus-infected tubers due to impeded virus movement.
Host resistance is the ability of a plant to limit the spread of a pathogen.
Tolerance is the ability of a plant to exhibit little or no symptoms in the presence of disease, but is not synonymous with resistance.
Sources of host resistance in S. tuberosum include existing cultivars and improved breeders' clones, as well as resistance genes in wild species.
The potato was introduced to Europe in the late 16th century, but faced serious problems with degeneration due to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes began in the 1930s, focusing on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The introduction of virus disease regulations and protected regions for seed production in the mid-20th century led to targeted breeding for virus resistance.
The inheritance of host resistance and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) in potato is monogenic and dominantly inherited, with one exception, the recessive gene s.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and ER genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Mechanical inoculation tests in the glasshouse make it straightforward to select for HR and ER genes.
Sources of host resistance have been identified and used in breeding programmes for many years, including genes present in existing cultivars and in wild species.
The history of potato cultivation in Europe was marked by serious problems with degeneration, which were eventually traced to virus infection.
The identification of HR and ER genes in the mid-20th century led to targeted breeding and the introduction of virus disease regulations and protected regions for seed production.
The inheritance of HR and ER in potato is monogenic and dominantly inherited, with one exception, the recessive gene s.
Early potato breeding programmes in the 1930s focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The introduction of HR and ER genes into breeding programmes has been a focus due to their effectiveness, durability, and simple inheritance.
Mechanical inoculation tests in the glasshouse make it straightforward to select for HR and ER genes.
The potato was introduced to Europe from South America in the late 16th century and faced serious problems with degeneration due to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes began in the 1930s and focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Sources of host resistance have been identified and used in breeding programmes for many years, including genes present in existing cultivars and in wild species.
The history of potato cultivation in Europe was marked by serious problems with degeneration, which were eventually traced to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Sources of host resistance have been identified and used in breeding programmes for many years, including genes present in existing cultivars and in wild species.
The potato, which was introduced to Europe in the late 16th century, faced serious problems with degeneration due to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes began in the 1930s and focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Sources of host resistance include existing cultivars and improved breeders' clones, as well as resistance genes in wild species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Mechanical inoculation tests in the glasshouse make it straightforward to select for HR and ER genes.
The potato was introduced to Europe in the late 16th century, but faced serious problems with degeneration due to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes began in the 1930s and focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Sources of host resistance, including existing cultivars and improved breeders' clones, as well as resistance genes in wild species, have been identified and used in breeding programmes.
The history of potato cultivation in Europe was marked by serious problems with degeneration, which were eventually traced to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Sources of host resistance, including existing cultivars and improved breeders' clones, as well as resistance genes in wild species, have been identified and used in breeding programmes for many years.
The identification of HR and ER genes in the mid-20th century led to targeted breeding and the introduction of virus disease regulations and protected regions for seed production.
The potato was introduced to Europe in the late 16th century and faced serious problems with degeneration due to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Sources of host resistance, including existing cultivars and improved breeders' clones, as well as resistance genes in wild species, have been identified and used in breeding programmes for many years.
The identification of HR and ER genes in the mid-20th century led to targeted breeding and the introduction of virus disease regulations and protected regions for seed production.
The potato was introduced to Europe from South America in the late 16th century and faced serious problems with degeneration due to virus infection.
The first recorded resistance breeding programmes focused on the characterization of numerous resistance genes and phenotypes in Solanum species.
The recognition of the virus problem in potato led to the identification and deliberate breeding for host resistance (HR) and eggplant-specific potyvirus resistance (ER) genes.
HR and ER are effective, quite durable, and simply inherited, making them a focus for breeding.
Sources of host resistance, including existing cultivars and improved breeders' clones, as well as resistance genes in wild species, have been identified and used in breeding programmes for many years.
The identification of HR and ER genes in the mid-20th century led to targeted breeding and the introduction of virus disease regulations and protected regions for seed production.
The potato, which was introduced to Europe in the late 16th century, faced serious problems with degeneration due to virus infection.

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Description

Explore the concept of resistance to virus movement in potato clones and its various expressions. Learn about the factors influencing the percentage of virus-infected daughter tubers in infected plants.