Virus Replication Cycle Phase

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How does the virus continue to replicate during this phase?

At a reduced rate, without causing significant damage to the host cell

What are defective-interfering particles, and how do they affect replication?

Defective-interfering particles interfere with the replication of fully infectious virus particles.

What does the downregulation of viral gene expression allow the virus to do within the host cell?

Ensures its long-term survival and the potential for transmission to other hosts.

How is Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus primarily transmitted to humans?

When infected wild mice invade dwellings and farm buildings. Signup and view all the answers

What are two major opportunities for zoonotic transmission of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus?

Transmission via infected wild mice and laboratory mouse or hamster colonies. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of threat does Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus pose to researchers and laboratory workers?

A zoonotic threat Signup and view all the answers

Which rodent species is the reservoir host for Chapare virus?

Unknown Signup and view all the answers

Where was Sabia virus isolated from a fatal case of hemorrhagic fever?

São Paulo, Brazil Signup and view all the answers

Which South American hemorrhagic fever virus has an uncertain association with human disease?

Pirital virus Signup and view all the answers

In what year was Chapare virus isolated following a small cluster of cases near Cochabamba, Bolivia?

2003 Signup and view all the answers

How do Junin and Machupo viruses behave in their reservoir rodent hosts compared to lymphocytic choriomeningitis and Lassa viruses?

Pathogenic Signup and view all the answers

What is the reservoir host for Sabia virus?

Rodents Signup and view all the answers

What is the reservoir of the Lassa virus?

Multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis Signup and view all the answers

Describe the clinical presentation of Lassa fever in humans.

It starts with fever, headache, and malaise and progresses to sore throat, back, chest, and joint pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, there is conjunctivitis, pneumonia, myocarditis, hepatic necrosis and hepatitis, encephalitis, deafness, and hemorrhage. Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Lassa virus first identified?

Lassa, Nigeria Signup and view all the answers

How is Lassa fever transmitted to humans?

Through contact with the excreta of the multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the complications associated with severe cases of Lassa fever?

Conjunctivitis, pneumonia, myocarditis, hepatic necrosis and hepatitis, encephalitis, deafness, and hemorrhage. Signup and view all the answers

How is Lassa fever diagnosed?

Lassa fever is difficult to diagnose due to its variable presentation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the initial stages of infection?

Dendritic cells of the spleen and lymphoid organs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cells are responsible for the central nervous system lesions in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection?

CD8 T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method for serosurveillance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in laboratory rodents?

ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence assays Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are particularly useful for cultivating lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus?

Vero cells and BHK-21 cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is developed upon exposure of adult, immunocompetent animals to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus?

Sterilizing immunity with seroconversion Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common control methods used for lymphocytic choriomeningitis in laboratory mice and hamsters?

Surveillance and depopulation of infected colonies Signup and view all the answers

What is presumed to be key to recovery and protection against reinfection from Lassa virus?

Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug may be beneficial in some patients with Lassa fever?

Ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor contributing to the increasing occurrence of the Lassa virus in West Africa?

Political instability and ecologic changes Signup and view all the answers

What has shown promise in protecting nonhuman primates from Lassa fever?

Recombinant vaccines Signup and view all the answers

When is rodent elimination particularly valuable in villages to prevent Lassa fever?

During the dry-season months when crops are harvested and stored inside dwellings Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Lujo virus first identified in 2008?

Africa Signup and view all the answers