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Questions and Answers
Where does the replication of RNA viruses, except influenza, take place?
What type of virus has a double-stranded DNA intermediate?
Which of the following viruses is transmitted through contaminated water/food?
Paramyxovirus and orthomyxovirus are classified based on their?
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What type of virus has a single-stranded RNA intermediate?
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Which of the following viruses is an insect virus?
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What type of virus is transmitted through the airborne route?
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Which of the following viruses has a double-stranded DNA genome?
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What type of virus is transmitted through sexual organs?
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Which of the following viruses is a bacteriophage?
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Study Notes
What are Viruses?
- Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites made up of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) covered by a protein coat, sometimes a membrane (e.g., Corona virus has a membrane surrounding the nucleic acid).
- Viruses exist everywhere, infect all living things, and we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic materials.
- Most viruses do not carry any disease (e.g., Polyomavirus).
Fundamentals of Viruses
- Viruses are not living things; they do not think, grow, or respond to stimuli.
- Viruses are passive agents of infection, chemical reactants to their environment, and organisms with dual phases (virion and infected host living cell).
Characteristics of Viruses
- Microscopic (100-1,000 smaller than human cells), infectious agents that replicate inside living host cells.
- Non-living (lack metabolic processes, cells, energy production, and growth/response to stimuli).
- Contain either DNA or RNA protected by a capsid (protein coat) or host cell membrane.
- Obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host cells to replicate and reproduce.
- Infect specific host cells, with each virus targeting specific cell types.
- Reproduce by attaching to host cells, penetrating host cells' membrane, replicating genetic particles, assembling new viral particles, and releasing new particles from the host cell.
- Many are pathogenic, causing diseases in humans, animals, plants, and bacteria (e.g., Flu, Common cold, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, COVID-19).
- Have high mutation rates and genetic recombination, impacting vaccine and antiviral treatment effectiveness.
- Host cells' antibodies and immune cells neutralize and clear infections, and vaccines stimulate immune system to produce specific antibodies against viruses.
Classification of Viruses
- Based on core content (single-stranded or double-stranded DNA/RNA), shape (complex, radial symmetry, cubical/icosahedral, rod/spiral/helical symmetry), mode of replication (cytoplasm, nucleus, or both), phenotypic characteristics, chemical composition, capsid structure, and size.
- Examples include Picornavirus, Parvovirus, Adenovirus, Herpes virus, Reovirus, Human Poliovirus, Hepatitis A virus, Influenza virus, and Rabies virus.
Classification of Viruses (continued)
- Based on host cell type (animal, plant, bacterial, insect cells).
- Based on mode of transmission (airborne, contaminated water/food, sexual, blood, insect bites).
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Description
This quiz covers the classification of viruses based on their replication site and host. It includes questions on the different types of viruses and their characteristics.
