Virology: TMV and Poliovirus Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of infections are associated with the highest risk of cancer?

  • Alphapapilloma infections (correct)
  • Fungal infections
  • Cutaneous infections
  • Chronic bacterial infections

What is a key feature of episomes in relation to plasmids?

  • Episomes require specific conditions for replication. (correct)
  • Episomes are unrelated to bacterial plasmids.
  • Episomes cannot replicate independently.
  • Episomes are a type of bacterial recombination.

Which of the following classifications is NOT mentioned in the context?

  • Gamma
  • Delta (correct)
  • Alpha
  • Beta

What does the process of screening refer to in the context provided?

<p>Searching for episomes in mucosal cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an intended outcome related to the content described?

<p>Development of cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses?

<p>To facilitate receptor binding and antigenic determination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with serious cases of SARS?

<p>Mild fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the ACE2 receptor primarily serve in relation to coronaviruses?

<p>Cellular entry for the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of coronaviruses relate to their genetic material?

<p>They are enveloped with single-stranded RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for the enzymatic proofreading function in coronaviruses?

<p>ExoN (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of viral strain diversity, which characteristic is noted for coronaviruses?

<p>They are highly mutable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk factor is considered the second most important for COVID-19 mortality according to CDC findings?

<p>Fear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by coronaviruses?

<p>SARS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the domains of spike glycoprotein associated with pathology?

<p>They are cleared by furin before viral assembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is part of the Coronaviridae family?

<p>Enveloped, single-stranded RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic material is contained in the virus discussed?

<p>Single-stranded RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the virus typically enter plant cells?

<p>By mechanical transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the Poliovirus from other viruses?

<p>No 5' cap and a 3' poly(A) tail (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by the Poliovirus?

<p>Poliomyelitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows Poliovirus to bind to ribosomes?

<p>IRES mechanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure does the virus utilize for movement within the host cell?

<p>Actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 3' poly(A) tail in the Poliovirus?

<p>Stabilizes viral RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is Poliovirus classified as based on its structure?

<p>Naked virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true of the Poliovirus's capsid structure?

<p>Contains a 60-copy VP1 structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor types does the Poliovirus specifically interact with for entry?

<p>PVR and ICAM receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the transmission method of the Poliovirus?

<p>Fecal-oral transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Picornavirus family, to which Poliovirus belongs?

<p>Small, naked RNA viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine was the first inactivated Polio vaccine recognized?

<p>Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the viral genome of the Poliovirus?

<p>It produces a large polyprotein precursor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the EG/E7 proteins serve in relation to the cell cycle?

<p>They inhibit p53, leading to cell cycle continuation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the viral genome in Papillomaviridae?

<p>Circular dsDNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Papillomaviridae?

<p>They are enveloped viruses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of promoter activity does the virus exhibit?

<p>Biphasic early and late gene expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many total capsid proteins are found in the Papillomaviridae capsid?

<p>72 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viral activity leads to productive amplification in Papillomaviridae?

<p>Burst in viral activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the El protein in the Papillomaviridae?

<p>To initiate DNA replication as a helicase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer is associated with Papillomaviridae infections in rabbits?

<p>Keratinous horn-like carcinomas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of the influenza virus according to its genetic material?

<p>Single-stranded RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the influenza virus's genome?

<p>It is made up of 8 segments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'cap snatching' refer to in the context of the influenza virus?

<p>A process for acquiring viral primers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many flu deaths are estimated to occur each year?

<p>12,000 to 55,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flu strain is generally the most common among humans?

<p>Alphainfluenzavirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is facilitated by the M2 channel in the influenza virus?

<p>H+ transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the NS1 protein in the influenza virus?

<p>It functions as an interferon antagonist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of shape do influenza virus particles take in tissue culture?

<p>Spherical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the influenza virus aids in receptor binding?

<p>Hemagglutinin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutations in the influenza virus can lead to changes in its antigens?

<p>Antigenic drift (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of strains named off HA/NA receptor binding?

<p>Resistance to antiviral treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does influenza virus replication primarily take place within a host cell?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nucleocapsid serve in the influenza virus structure?

<p>It packages the viral RNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'segmented' refer to in the context of influenza virus genome?

<p>The distinct RNA segments composing it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape characterizes the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses?

<p>Bullet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viruses are associated with fatal encephalitis from cattle?

<p>Paramyxoviridae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of rabies vaccination in humans?

<p>Intramuscular Rabavert vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many genes does the Filoviridae family have?

<p>7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do Rhabdoviridae viruses typically target?

<p>Neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is used to prevent Ebola virus disease?

<p>Ervebo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature allows paramyxoviruses to regulate gene expression effectively?

<p>Stop-start transcription mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common transmission route for rabies virus?

<p>Bite from infected animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are bats often associated with the transmission of certain viral diseases?

<p>They can harbor multiple viruses without symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of outbreaks are typically recurring in Central Africa?

<p>Filovirus outbreaks (e.g., Marburg, Ebola) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure acts as a bridge between nucleoproteins and glycoproteins in Rhabdoviridae?

<p>Matrix protein (M) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which disease is the occurrence of pneumonia a significant concern among vaccine-hesitant individuals?

<p>Measles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary genetic material in the Rhabdoviridae family of viruses?

<p>ssRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major components of the viral structure in viruses like Rhabdoviridae?

<p>Capsid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Coronavirus structure

Enveloped virus with single-stranded RNA and helical nucleocapsid.

Spike glycoprotein

A protein on the surface of the coronavirus that binds to receptors on host cells.

ACE2 receptor

The cell receptor that the coronavirus spike protein binds to for entry.

Coronavirus family

A group of viruses including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.

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Symptoms: Mild COVID-19

May include mild fever, malaise, or dry cough.

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Symptoms: Severe COVID-19

Breathing difficulty, chest pain, or speech loss.

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Antigenic determinant

Part of the spike protein, highly changeable, causing strain variation.

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Furin cleavage sites

Sites in the spike protein that need processing.

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Virus assembly

The spike glycoprotein of the virus assembling into trimers.

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Virus superfamily

Coronavirus is part of a broader family of viruses, Picorna-like.

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Episomes

Extrachromosomal DNA elements that can replicate independently of the host chromosome.

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Plasmid creation

The generation of plasmids, small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria, through various techniques in molecular biology.

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Alphapapillomavirus

A group of viruses belonging to the Papillomavirus family, known for causing cutaneous infections and potentially leading to cancer.

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Pap Smear screening

A test that involves collecting cells from the cervix to screen for abnormal changes, including those potentially related to HPV infections.

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Risk of cancer

The likelihood of developing cancer, often influenced by various factors like genetics, lifestyle, and exposure to certain viruses.

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Poliovirus

A virus causing poliomyelitis, belonging to the Picornaviridae family, characterized by a small ssRNA genome and a naked structure.

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Poliomyelitis

A disease caused by poliovirus, featuring symptoms such as inflammation of the spinal cord, potentially leading to paralysis.

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ssRNA

Single-stranded RNA, a type of genetic material found in some viruses, including poliovirus.

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Picornaviridae family

A family of viruses including poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are small and have simple structures.

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IRES

Internal Ribosome Entry Site. A sequence in the poliovirus RNA that facilitates ribosome binding for translation, rather than a 5' cap.

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Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

A polio vaccine that uses a deactivated (inactivated) form of the poliovirus, making it safe for use and contributing to the eradication of polio.

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Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

A live attenuated vaccine that helps in the production of antibodies that protect the body.

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FMDV

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, similar to poliovirus and belonging to the same superfamily.

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Hepatitis A virus

A virus that causes hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver, and is part of the Picorna-like group.

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5' cap

A structure at the 5' end of some RNA molecules, helping ribosomes attach for translation.

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3' poly-A tail

A tail of adenine nucleotides at the 3' end of some RNA molecules, contributing to their stability and function.

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Mechanical transmission

The process of transferring a plant virus by tools or other physical contact, or through insects.

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RNA as genetic material

Some viruses utilize RNA as their genetic information, directing the production of proteins inside host cells.

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VDC

Virus-directed cell movement, a process where the virus moves within a host cell influenced by its own components like the movement protein (MP).

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Actin filaments

Protein structures within cells that function as a track along which cell components, or even viruses, move.

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Orthomyxoviridae

Family of viruses that includes influenza viruses.

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Influenza

Highly contagious respiratory illness.

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Antigenic drift

Small changes in the virus's surface proteins over time.

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Hemagglutinin (HA)

A viral protein that helps the virus bind to host cells.

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Neuraminidase (NA)

Viral protein that helps the virus release from host cells.

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(-) ssRNA

Negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome.

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Genome

Complete set of genetic instructions of a virus (or organism).

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Spherical / Filamentous

Shape of influenza virus in tissue culture, and in natural condition.

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Envelope

Outer layer of the influenza virus.

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M2 channel

A protein that facilitates proton transport.

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Nucleocapsid

The structure that encloses the genome of the virus

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Cap snatching

Process where the virus steals host's cellular machinery components.

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DA endonuclease

Enzyme that cleaves viral replication primers.

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Spreading

Method of virus's dissemination from one host to another.

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Paramyxoviridae diseases

A family of viruses causing diseases like measles, which can be fatal

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Rhabdoviridae structure

Bullet-shaped viruses, including rabies.

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Filoviridae viruses

Causes diseases like Ebola and Marburg; characterized by hemorrhagic fever.

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Ebola outbreaks

Recurring outbreaks in Central Africa, often deadly.

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Bats and disease transmission

Bats are frequently reservoirs for viral diseases.

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Viral genome structure

Viral genetic material, varying in structure and composition.

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Oral vaccines

Vaccines administered through the mouth to prevent wildlife diseases.

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Viral RNA

Single-stranded RNA is the genetic material for some viruses.

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Viral fusion peptide

Part of a virus enabling it to enter a cell

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Viral matrix protein

A protein important to the assembly and maintenance of viral particles.

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Viral glycoprotein

A protein on the surface of viruses that enables them to attach to cells.

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Viral hemorrhagic fever

A group of diseases with bleeding as a primary symptom.

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Viral RNA synthesis

The process of generating viral RNA copies.

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Intergenic sequences

Non-coding genetic segments between genes.

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Viral helical capsid

A protein structure forming a hollow cylinder in some viruses.

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What are Papillomaviruses?

Papillomaviruses are a group of naked DNA viruses belonging to the Papillomaviridae family. They are known for causing warts and have been linked to cancer in some cases.

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What is unique about CRPV?

Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus (CRPV) is the first papillomavirus identified as a cause of cancer. It causes benign tumors called 'beratinous horn-like carcinomas' in rabbits.

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CRPV Structure

CRPV has a circular, naked DNA genome with a capsid containing 72 capsomeres – 12 pentamers and 60 hexamers.

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CRPV Gene Expression

CRPV's DNA generates three transcripts, controlled by two promoters. This creates 'early genes' and 'late genes' expressed at different stages of the viral lifecycle.

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What are E6 and E7 proteins?

E6 and E7 are 'early genes' expressed by CRPV. They disrupt cell cycle control and inhibit cell death (apoptosis) by degrading p53 and pRB proteins.

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What is the role of E1 and E2?

E1 and E2 proteins are also 'early genes'. E1 acts as a helicase, unwinding DNA for replication, while E2 is involved in viral DNA replication and regulation.

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What are 'Late Genes'?

These genes are expressed later in the cycle, mainly encoding proteins for the viral capsid.

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CRPV Genome maintenance

CRPV, like all viruses, needs to be maintained to ensure its survival. This includes replicating itself and ensuring the integrity of its own genome.

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Study Notes

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

  • TMV is a naked (+) ssRNA virus from the alphavirus-like superfamily.
  • It was the first filterable virus (1898).
  • RNA is the genetic material (determined in 1955).
  • TMV is infectious in cigarettes (1898).
  • TMV has a stable genome in soil.
  • It has 4 ORFs.
  • ORFs 2, 3, and 4 are generated by readthrough from ORFs 1.
  • The movement protein (MP) guides the virus to different locations in the cell.
  • The coat protein (CP) forms hexameric rings.

Poliovirus

  • Poliovirus is a (+)ssRNA, Picorna-like virus.
  • It belongs to the Picornaviridae family.
  • It is naked.
  • It has no 5' cap and a 3' poly(A) tail.
  • It has 60 copies of each VP1-4 proteins.
  • It has an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) instead of a 5' cap.
  • It uses VP1 and VP3 for surface proteins/binding.
  • It infects the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system.

Flaviridae

  • It belongs to the Flavi-like (+)ssRNA superfamily.
  • Includes yellow fever, hep C, dengue, west nile, etc.
  • T3 naked, single ORF, 3'UTR, 5' IRES.
  • This family is associated with liver diseases and bird, rat and monkey hosts.

Coronaviridae

  • It is (+)ssRNA.
  • It has a helical nucleocapsid.
  • It causes the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 outbreaks.
  • The genome is large.
  • It has a spike glycoprotein (crown appearance).
  • The virus infects the respiratory tract.
  • Receptible cells are mediated by the ACE2 receptor.
  • It has an spiky surface.
  • The virus is highly mutable.

Influenza - Orthomyxoviridae

  • It is (-)ssRNA.
  • It has 8 segmented genes (monopartite)
  • It has an envelope.
  • It is capable of having high mutation rate
  • It is frequently responsible for seasonal outbreaks
  • The viral genes are packaged into an RNP Complex with proteins PB1, PB2, and PA.
  • The virus is capable of having both antigenic shift (major) and drift (minor).
  • It infects the respiratory tract.
  • It enters cells by binding to sialic acid with HA.
  • The influenza virus is characterized by high mutability.

Mononegavirales

  • It is (-)ssRNA.
  • It has a monopartite linear genome.
  • It has multiple families including Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Filoviridae.
  • It has an enveloped structure.
  • It uses start, stop, restart for multiple mRNA production.
  • Rabies Virus has a bullet shape.
  • Ebola Virus has a single chain.
  • Measles Virus is spherical.

Papillomaviridae

  • It is a naked dsDNA (+ssDNA) viruses.
  • It is a group 1.
  • It causes warts and cancers.
  • It has 17 capsomeres.
  • It infects mucosal cells and certain skin cell types.
  • It is capable of causing cancer if its DNA integrates into the host genome.
  • The proteins are E6 and E7, which inhibit p53 (causing apoptosis inhibition), and Rb (retina inhibiting cell cycle) respectively.

Orthoherpesviridae

  • It is a Group 1 dsDNA virus.
  • Its genome is linear in vivo but circular in the virion.
  • It is enveloped.
  • It can cause latent infections.
  • Examples include Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
  • The virus has a high number of glycoproteins.

HIV and AIDS (Retroviridae)

  • It is a (+)ssRNA virus.
  • It has an envelope.
  • It has a complex structure.
  • It causes a chronic infection.
  • It has a high mutation rate.
  • HIV/AIDS causes cellular damage throughout the body.

Plant Viruses

  • General characteristics: large variance in structures, many multipartite virions, some have no (group I) dsDNA viruses, many use vectors.
  • Overviews of infection and transmission characteristics.

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This quiz covers key information about Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Poliovirus, and Flaviviridae family viruses. You'll explore their structure, genetic material, and roles in infections. Test your knowledge of these important viruses in the field of virology.

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