Virology: Rhinovirus and RSV Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary sites of infection for adenoviruses?

Adenoviruses primarily infect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular tracts.

How is JC virus transmitted and what does it establish in the host?

JC virus is acquired via the respiratory route and establishes persistent and latent infections in various organs.

What are the infections associated with adenovirus in immunocompromised individuals?

In immunocompromised individuals, adenovirus may cause severe bronchopneumonia and can lead to disseminated diseases.

Identify two specific at-risk populations for adenovirus infections.

Young children and individuals in day care centers are two at-risk populations for adenovirus infections. Signup and view all the answers

What role does type I interferon play in the context of adenovirus infection?

Type I interferon and IFN-gamma are suppressed during adenovirus infections. Signup and view all the answers

What severe neurological condition can JC virus cause in immunocompromised patients?

JC virus can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised patients. Signup and view all the answers

What are some common transmission routes for adenoviruses?

Adenoviruses are transmitted via droplets, fecal matter, and fomites. Signup and view all the answers

How prevalent are respiratory viruses in childhood infections?

Respiratory viruses account for about 5% of childhood respiratory infections. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rhinovirus from other Enteroviruses in terms of virulence?

Rhinovirus has low virulence compared to other Enteroviruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors do rhinoviruses primarily use to enter respiratory epithelial cells?

Rhinoviruses predominantly use ICAM-1, among others, to enter respiratory epithelial cells. Signup and view all the answers

How does rhinovirus infection exacerbate disease in individuals with allergies?

Rhinovirus infection exacerbates allergy symptoms by increasing ICAM-1 expression on bronchoepithelial cells in atopic individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What severe outcome can occur from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in newborns?

RSV infection in newborns can be fatal because it may block their narrow airways. Signup and view all the answers

What factors can impair the protective effect of maternal neutralizing antibodies against RSV?

Factors such as pre-term delivery, low birthweight, maternal HIV infection, and placental malaria can impair antibody protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of RSV that affects its interaction with the immune system?

RSV has high glycosylation and structural variability in its surface G-protein, allowing it to escape neutralization. Signup and view all the answers

How does maternal hypergammaglobulinaemia affect transplacental IgG transfer?

Maternal hypergammaglobulinaemia saturates Fc receptors at the placental interface, impairing IgG transfer. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the nature of the immune response to rubella virus infection.

Rubella virus infection leads to viremia and a systemic immune response that is mediated by antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to reinfection rates with RSV after a natural infection?

There is no long-term immunity to RSV, so reinfection can occur after a natural infection. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is compromised in individuals with hypergammaglobulinaemia during RSV infection?

Hypergammaglobulinaemia may compromise cell-mediated immunity, particularly the induction of Type I IFN. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rhinovirus

Usually infects the upper respiratory tract
Can cause lower respiratory tract infections in babies and young children
Three species: RV-A, RV-B and RV-C
Uses three different receptors to enter respiratory epithelial cells
ICAM-1 is used by the majority of RV-A and RV-B viruses
ICAM-1 is a target for anti-viral therapeutics
Infection severity is increased in atopic individuals due to biased Th2 immune response
Increased Th2 response in atopic individuals leads to increased expression of ICAM-1 on BECs
Increased ICAM-1 expression renders cells more susceptible to infection & decreases anti-viral cytokine production

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Infects the respiratory tract, does not spread systemically
Infection in newborns may be fatal due to airway blockage
Passively acquired maternal antibodies offer protection
Protection is impaired by preterm delivery, low birthweight, HIV infection, malaria, and hypergammaglobulinaemia
No long-term immunity, can reactivate after natural infection
Maternal hypergammaglobulinaemia impairs transplacental IgG transfer by saturating Fc receptors
G-protein on RSV possesses high glycosylation & structural variability which allows for immune system escape
Soluble G-protein inhibits TLR-mediated Type I IFN production

Rubella

Causes viremia and systemic infection
Antibody response limits viral spread
Infection commonly seen in neonates
50 serotypes cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections and rash
Infects respiratory, digestive and ocular tracts
Can cause hepatitis, cystitis, colitis, and meningoencephalitis
Transmitted by droplets, fecal matter, and fomites
At-risk populations include young children, day care centres, military camps, and swimming clubs

Adenovirus

Infects mucoepithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and cornea
Can cause mild upper respiratory infections but severe pneumonia in infants
About 5% of childhood respiratory infections are caused by Adenovirus
Highly contagious during the acute phase of keratoconjunctivitis
High mortality in immunocompromised patients with disseminated disease
Persists in lymphoid tissue in immunocompromised individuals
Suppresses Type I interferon and IFN-gamma
Prevalence leads to limitations in using adenovirus-derived vectors for vaccines

JC Virus

Acquired through respiratory route
Spreads to kidneys in early life
Latent infection established in other organs, including the lungs and brain
Reactivates in immunocompromised individuals
Causes PML, a demyelinating disease that kills oligodendrocytes

Summary

Respiratory viral infections are common and ubiquitous
Most viruses infect the upper and lower respiratory tracts
Can cause severe disease in young children and immunocompromised individuals
Many respiratory viruses disseminate and become systemic, causing severe and potentially fatal disease
Can cause meningitis and encephalitis in rare cases

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Description

This quiz covers essential information about Rhinovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Learn about their modes of infection, effects on different populations, and the biological mechanisms involved. Key concepts include receptor usage, immune responses, and the protective role of maternal antibodies.