Virology Quiz: Viral Families and Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

Which viral family includes the influenza virus?

  • Adenoviridae
  • Orthomyxoviridae (correct)
  • Paramyxoviridae
  • Papillomaviridae

    • Which viral family does RSV belong to?

  • Papillomaviridae
  • Paramyxoviridae (correct)
  • Coronavirus
  • Retroviruses

    • HIV-1 belongs to which group of viruses?

  • Hepatitis viruses
  • Coronavirus
  • Adenoviridae
  • Retroviruses (correct)

    • Which viral family includes viruses some forms of which are more likely to lead to cancer?

    <p>Papillomaviridae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a pathogenic human hepatitis virus?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenoviridae is a family of?

    <p>Virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of retroviruses?

    <p>They use reverse transcriptase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is associated with respiratory illness?

    <p>Coronavirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genome does Adenovirus contain?

    <p>dsDNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Adenovirus capsid?

    <p>Icosahedral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is Adenovirus enveloped or non-enveloped?

    <p>Non-enveloped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the receptor for Adenovirus?

    <p>CAR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Parvovirus B19 capsid?

    <p>Icosahedral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genome does Parvovirus B19 contain?

    <p>ssDNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does Coronavirus replicate?

    <p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What receptor does SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein interact with?

    <p>ACE2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the Coronavirus nucleocapsid?

    <p>Helical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is Parvovirus B19 enveloped or non-enveloped?

    <p>Non-enveloped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the E2 gene?

    <p>It regulates the transcription of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the synthesis of E6 and E7 proteins in the absence of E2?

    <p>Synthesis increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of E6 in the context of p53?

    <p>E6 binds to p53 and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With what cellular protein does HPV E7 interact?

    <p>pRb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loss of p53 and pRb proteins increases the risk of what?

    <p>Cancer development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What microscopic feature is characterized by an enlarged keratinocyte with a clear halo around the nucleus?

    <p>Koliocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperkeratosis?

    <p>Excess production of keratin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genome does Coronaviridae have?

    <p>Linear positive sense ssRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of coronaviruses?

    <p>An envelope with club-shaped protein peplomers forming a corona (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are coronaviruses primarily transmitted?

    <p>Respiratory droplets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the viral attachment protein (VAP) for coronaviruses?

    <p>E2 or spike glycoprotein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tropism of coronaviruses?

    <p>Respiratory or GI tract epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal growth temperature for 'common' coronaviruses?

    <p>33°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the club-shaped protein peplomers?

    <p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the production of multiple mRNAs contribute to viral diversity?

    <p>It promotes recombination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of coronavirus infection on respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Disrupts cilia function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection is possible with coronaviruses?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mode of transmission for HPV?

    <p>Indirect contact via fomites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HPV strains are most commonly associated with cervical carcinoma?

    <p>Strains 16, 18, 31, and 33 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cervical cancers have HPV present?

    <blockquote> <p>99% (B)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known risk factor for the progression of HPV to cervical dysplasia?

    <p>Multiple sexual partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an oncogene associated with HPV transformation?

    <p>E6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The E6 oncogene binds to which protein, targeting it for degradation?

    <p>p53 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein does the E7 oncogene bind and inactivate?

    <p>pRb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of E5, E6, and E7 actions in HPV transformation?

    <p>Increased cellular proliferation and prevention of DNA repair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of viral replication in a transformed cell?

    <p>No viral replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integration of the HPV genome is associated with disruption of which gene?

    <p>E2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Coronavirus

    A pathogenic virus known for causing respiratory diseases, notable for its structure and transmission.

    Influenza Virus

    A virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family that causes seasonal flu through respiratory transmission.

    RSV Virus

    A virus from the Paramyxoviridae family primarily affecting infants and young children, causing respiratory infections.

    Adenoviruses

    Pathogenic viruses known for causing respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses, spread through respiratory droplets.

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    Retroviruses

    A family of viruses, including HIV-1, known for their ability to integrate into the host genome and cause chronic infections.

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    Papillomaviruses

    Viruses from the Papillomaviridae family that can lead to warts and cervical cancer, with some strains being oncogenic.

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    Hepatitis Viruses

    A group of viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV) affecting the liver, transmitted via various routes and can cause serious liver conditions.

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    Viral Replication

    The process by which viruses reproduce in host cells, involving stages like attachment, entry, and assembly.

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    Genome structure

    Coronaviruses have a linear positive sense single-stranded RNA genome.

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    Viral attachment protein (VAP)

    The spike glycoprotein (E2) that helps coronaviruses attach to cells.

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    Tropism of coronaviruses

    Coronaviruses primarily infect the respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract.

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    Protein peplomers

    Club-shaped proteins on the coronavirus envelope that form a crown-like appearance.

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    Transmission methods

    Coronaviruses spread through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral route.

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    Diversity generation

    Coronaviruses produce multiple mRNAs that may enhance genetic diversity through recombination.

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    Pathological effects

    Coronaviruses infect the respiratory epithelium, disrupting cilia function.

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    Infection types

    Coronaviruses can cause lytic, latent, or transforming infections depending on the strain.

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    Optimal growth temperature

    Coronaviruses thrive at 37 degrees Celsius, indicative of human body temperature.

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    E2 Gene

    Encodes a transcription factor regulating HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins.

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    E6 Protein

    Binds to p53 and promotes its degradation via E6AP ubiquitin ligase.

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    E7 Protein

    Binds to pRb and promotes its degradation via cullin 2 ubiquitin ligase.

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    p53 Protein

    A tumor suppressor that prevents cell division in presence of DNA damage.

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    pRb Protein

    A tumor suppressor that regulates the cell cycle, preventing overproliferation.

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    Hyperkeratosis

    Excess production of keratin, often seen in HPV infections.

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    Koliocyte

    An enlarged keratinocyte with a clear halo around its nucleus, indicative of HPV infection.

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    SARS-CoV-2

    The virus responsible for COVID-19, known for its Spike glycoprotein that binds to ACE2 receptors.

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    Spike glycoprotein

    Protein on SARS-CoV-2 that interacts with ACE2 receptors to allow entry into cells.

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    ACE2 receptor

    Cell receptor that SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein binds to in the respiratory tract.

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    Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

    Occurs primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

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    COVID-19 pandemic

    Global spread of COVID-19 initiated in 2019, resulting in millions of cases and deaths.

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    RT-PCR tests

    Molecular tests used to detect SARS-CoV-2 by identifying viral RNA.

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    Antigen tests

    Rapid tests that detect specific proteins from SARS-CoV-2.

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    MERS-CoV

    Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus, similar to SARS but more fatal.

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    Fatality rates of SARS and MERS

    SARS: approx. 10% fatality, MERS: approx. 35% fatality, limited spread.

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    HPV Strains

    Different types of Human Papillomavirus linked to various diseases.

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    Plantar Wart

    A wart that typically appears on the soles of the feet caused mainly by HPV strain 1.

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    Common Wart

    Warts commonly found on hands, caused by HPV strains 2 and 4.

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    Condyloma Acuminatum

    Genital warts caused by HPV strains 6 and 11, often transmitted sexually.

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    Laryngeal Papilloma

    HPV-induced growth in the throat caused by strains 6 and 11, often in children.

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    Cervical Carcinoma

    Cancer of the cervix caused by HPV strains 16, 18, 31, and 33.

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    Oncogenes E5, E6, E7

    HPV proteins that increase cell growth and promote cancer development.

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    Integration of HPV Genome

    Integration of HPV into host DNA disrupts E2, leading to potential cancer development.

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    Study Notes

    MABS Microbiology Course

    • Topics covered include virology, respiratory viruses, hepatitis, papilloma and polyoma viruses, and human retroviruses.

    Course Instructional Objectives

    • MCRO 3.1: Students will describe the taxonomy, structure, and function of the coronavirus family, including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, effects at the cellular level and/or human immune response.
    • MCRO 3.2: Students will describe the taxonomy, structure, and function of influenza viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family, including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, effects at the cellular level, human immune response and/or treatment.
    • MCRO 3.3: Students will describe the taxonomy, structure and function of RSV virus (Paramyxoviridae family), including transmission, pathogenesis, effects at the cellular level and/or human immune response.
    • MCRO 3.4: Students will describe the taxonomy, structure and function of adenovirus (Adenoviridae family), including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, effects at the cellular level and/or human immune response.
    • MCRO 3.5: Students will describe the taxonomy, structure and function of retroviruses, especially HIV-1, including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, effects at the cellular level, human immune response and/or treatment.
    • MCRO 3.6: Students will describe the taxonomy, structure and function of papillomaviruses (Papillomaviridae family), including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, viral gene expression, viral replication, effects at the cellular level, and which forms of HPV are likely to lead to cancer.
    • MCRO 3.7: Students will describe the taxonomy, structure and function of hepatitis viruses (especially HAV, HBV, and HCV), including transmission, pathogenesis, stages of viral infection, effects at the cellular level and/or human immune response.

    Review: Components of a Virus

    • Viral Component: Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), Capsid (protein shell), Structural proteins (form capsid, package genome), Non-structural proteins (replication, assembly), Envelope (lipid bilayer).
    • Role in Viral Life Cycle: Encodes information for progeny virions; protects nucleic acid; packages genome; attachment proteins; replication, assembly, and disease progression.
    • Example: DNA or RNA, icosahedral, helical or complex structures, matrix, nucleocapsid, etc..

    Respiratory Viruses

    • Respiratory disease accounts for 75-80% of acute morbidity in the United States.
    • Most respiratory illnesses (approximately 80%) are viral infections, with transmission typically occurring via respiratory droplets or hand contact. Incubation periods typically range from 1-4 days up to 14 days.
    • Common respiratory viruses include: parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronaviruses (including COVID-19), adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and bocaviruses.

    VAP and Cell Receptor Pairs (Examples)

    • Virus: HIV-1

    • Family: Retroviridae

    • Structural Characteristics: ssRNA, positive sense, enveloped

    • VAP: gp120

    • Receptor: CD4

    • Cell tropism: T cells, macrophages

    • Virus: SARS-CoV-2

    • Family: Coronaviridae

    • Structural Characteristics: ssRNA, positive sense, enveloped

    • VAP: Spike (E2) protein

    • Receptor: ACE2 (and other proteins)

    • Cell tropism: Many different cell types, especially respiratory epithelium and GI epithelium.

    SARS

    • Caused by zoonotic coronaviruses that appear to have jumped from animals (civets, raccoon dogs, badgers) to humans.
    • Common transmission is via respiratory droplets, but the virus is also present in sweat, urine and stool.
    • Virus infects and kills respiratory epithelial cells, causing atypical pneumonia, high fever, chills, headache, dizziness, malaise, cough, difficulty breathing, and diarrhea.
    • Mortality rate has age-related variations.

    Viral Infection and the Immune System

    • Virus infection triggers an immune response including phagocytosis, T-cell activation, replication, and cell destruction.
    • Interferon release from natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-cells help slow and stop viral replication.
    • Antibodies to hemagglutinin (H) are protective against infection.
    • Antibody to neuraminidase may limit viral spread.

    Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae)

    • Enveloped, pleomorphic, helical, single-stranded negative-sense segmented RNA.
    • Classified into types A, B, and C; Type A viruses cause more extensive epidemics.
    • Characterized by antigenic variations through mutation (antigenic drift) and reassortment (antigenic shift).
    • Major surface glycoproteins are hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA).
    • Transmission via respiratory droplets.
    • Tropism mainly for respiratory epithelium.

    Influenza Life Cycle

    • Viral mRNA transcription and genomic RNA replication occur in the nucleus using viral RNA polymerase and host cell RNA primers.
    • Nucleocapsids assemble in the nucleus and virus assembly occurs in the cytoplasm through budding from the plasma membrane.

    Influenza Treatment and Prevention

    • Symptomatic: Acetaminophen, antihistamines
    • Attachment Inhibition: HA-specific antibodies (eliciting by vaccine)
    • Uncoating Inhibition: Amantadine, rimantadine (only effective against influenza A only)
    • Release Inhibition: Zanamivir, oseltamivir, Peramivir (only effective against influenza A and B)
    • Prevention: Vaccination

    Classification of RNA Viruses and DNA Viruses

    • RNA Viruses have various genome and capsid structures. All RNA viruses are single-stranded except for Reoviridae. All enveloped negative sense viruses have helical capsids. All non-enveloped viruses have icosahedral capsids.
    • DNA viruses (HHAPPPPY). All are double stranded except Parvoviridae.

    HPV (Papillomaviridae)

    • Non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus.
    • Icosahedral outer shell.
    • Can cause skin warts, benign cervical cancer and high-risk cervical cancer (HPV-16, HPV-18).
    • Transmission mainly through direct contact.

    HPV Transformation

    • E5, E6, and E7 are oncogenes that drive uncontrolled cell growth and division.
    • E7 inactivates pRb, a tumor suppressor, while E6 inactivates p53., a tumor suppressor protein.
    • Loss of p53 and pRb functions through HPV increases cancer risk.

    Hepatitis Viruses

    • Diverse viral families, mostly RNA viruses, except Hepatitis B (DNA).
    • Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver. Viral (A, B, C, D, E.), alcoholic & autoimmune causes.
    • Common features include fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and chills, with jaundice occurring in icteric cases.
    • Diagnosed with time course symptoms, patient history, and serology(Viral Ag or Abs).

    Hepatitis A (HAV)

    • Picornaviridae family, positive-sense ssRNA, icosahedral capsid, non-enveloped.
    • Acquired by ingestion of contaminated food (shellfish) or water.
    • Self limiting disorder, does not lead to chronic.
    • Fecal-oral transmission.

    Hepatitis C (HCV)

    • Flaviviridae family, positive-sense ssRNA, enveloped
    • HCV has high mutation rate, difficult to control.
    • Transmission via blood and transplanted organs, sexual contact.
    • Chronic disease occurs in ~70-75% of patients.

    Hepatitis B (HBV)

    • Hepadnavirus family, DNA virus, enveloped.
    • Transmitted via various routes including blood, sexual contact and mother-to-child.
    • Disease severity can range from acute and self limiting to a chronic infection.
    • Hepatocellular necrosis (liver damage) is usually due to the host's immune response to the virus itself, instead of the virus directly harming the cells.

    Others

    • Retroviruses (MCRO 3.5): RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA. HIV is a key example.
    • Adenovirus (MCRO 3.4) : DNA virus, non-enveloped, icosahedral capsid that has a tropism for respiratory epithelium and is transmitted via respiratory or oral routes. Causes a wide range of diseases from mild to severe.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various viral families and their characteristics in this comprehensive virology quiz. Questions cover important viruses such as influenza, HIV, and adenoviruses, along with their unique features and effects on human health. Perfect for biology students and virology enthusiasts!

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