Virology Basics

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Questions and Answers

Which phylum is the largest, comprised of insects and other diverse species?

  • Phylum Mollusca
  • Phylum Arthropoda (correct)
  • Phylum Echinodermata
  • Phylum Annelida

What is the defining characteristic that classifies an animal as an invertebrate?

  • Presence of a backbone
  • Absence of a backbone (correct)
  • Presence of a shell
  • Presence of a notochord

What percentage of known organisms are invertebrates?

  • 10%
  • 50%
  • 1%
  • 99% (correct)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an invertebrate?

<p>Fish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the Latin word 'Vertebra'?

<p>Joint in general (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of animals in phylum Chordata?

<p>Presence of a notochord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of invertebrate species on Earth?

<p>15-30 million species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these phyla is known to include both free-living and parasitic organisms?

<p>Phylum Annelida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein coat that surrounds a virus's nucleic acid core?

<p>Capsid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the study of viruses?

<p>Virology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why viruses are considered both living and non-living?

<p>They can only replicate inside living cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

<p>They have ribosomes and enzymes for metabolism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of viruses, typically measured in nanometers?

<p>20-250 nanometers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus in humans?

<p>Influenza (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential advantage of using viruses in research?

<p>They can be used to deliver genes to specific cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum has a closed circulatory system?

<p>Annelida (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum exhibits metameric segmentation?

<p>Annelida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about viruses is TRUE?

<p>Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these animals is considered an example of a parasitic roundworm?

<p>Ascaris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum includes animals that are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, and possess a complete digestive system?

<p>Annelida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phylum Arthropoda?

<p>Pseudocoelomate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum exhibits both free-living and parasitic species?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal from the given examples is dioecious?

<p>Nereis (B), Ascaris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics are shared between the phylum Annelida and Arthropoda?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most distinctive feature of animals belonging to the group containing starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers?

<p>They possess a water vascular system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Invertebrates are characterized by the absence of which feature?

<p>A notochord. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the development of vertebrates is TRUE?

<p>Vertebrates evolved from invertebrates around 500 million years ago. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the water vascular system in echinoderms?

<p>Locomotion, feeding, and respiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is NOT an invertebrate?

<p>Shark (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the vertebral column in vertebrates?

<p>It provides support and protection for the spinal cord. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the body symmetry of adult echinoderms and their larvae?

<p>Adults exhibit radial symmetry, while larvae show bilateral symmetry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are vertebrates considered the most organized group of animals?

<p>They exhibit the most complex organ systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of organisms in Kingdom Plantae?

<p>They are heterotrophic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of nutrition for most organisms in Kingdom Plantae?

<p>Photosynthetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is NOT a part of the self-defense mechanism in plants?

<p>Production of exoenzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the reproduction in Kingdom Plantae?

<p>Plants reproduce both sexually and asexually. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Kingdom Plantae from Kingdom Fungi?

<p>Mode of nutrition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the term 'teleomorph' in the context of fungi reproduction?

<p>Sexual state of reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Kingdom Plantae often referred to as Kingdom Metaphyta?

<p>Because it represents a more advanced form of plant life compared to algae. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the success of many organisms on Earth depending on the success of plants?

<p>Plants provide a source of energy through photosynthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals belong to the class Mammalia?

<p>Echidna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of what characteristic feature distinguishes the class Mammalia from other vertebrate classes?

<p>Milk-producing glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true for both birds and mammals?

<p>They are oviparous. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the given information, what is the classification of the animal 'kangaroo'?

<p>Class Mammalia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is NOT mentioned as an example of a vertebrate?

<p>Octopus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Virus

Non-cellular organism made of genetic material and protein that invades living cells.

Structure of Viruses

Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core and a protein coat (capsid), often with an envelope.

Virology

The study of viruses, focusing on their structure, function, and effects on living organisms.

Living vs Non-Living

Viruses are considered living when inside host cells and non-living outside of them.

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Pathogenic Viruses

Viruses that cause diseases in humans, plants, and animals (e.g., HIV, influenza).

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Capsid

The protein coat that encases a virus's genetic material.

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Gene Therapy

Use of viruses to deliver genes to target cells for medical treatment.

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Symptoms of Viral Diseases

Varies widely but can include fever, fatigue, and body aches depending on the virus.

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Fungi

Heterotrophic organisms that digest food externally using exoenzymes.

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Exoenzymes

Enzymes produced by fungi to digest food externally before ingestion.

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Chitin

A complex carbohydrate used in the biosynthesis found in fungal cell walls.

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Teleomorph

The sexual reproductive stage of fungi.

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Anamorph

The asexual reproductive stage of fungi.

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Kingdom Plantae

Classification of all eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic plants.

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Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.

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Cellulose

The structural component of plant cell walls.

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Class Mammalia

Group of animals with mammary glands, hair, and four-chambered hearts.

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Viviparous Animals

Animals that give birth to live young, developing inside the mother.

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Oviparous Animals

Animals that lay eggs with direct development; fertilization is internal.

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Vertebrates

Diverse group of animals with a backbone, including mammals, birds, and fish.

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Phylum Annelida

A phylum comprising segmented worms, including earthworms and leeches.

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Phylum Arthropoda

The largest phylum, including over 1 million species of insects such as locusts and scorpions.

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Phylum Mollusca

The second largest phylum of animals, found in aquatic and terrestrial environments; includes squids and snails.

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Phylum Echinodermata

Consists of sea stars and sea urchins, with around 6,000 species.

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Phylum Chordata

Animals in this phylum have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and gill slits; includes vertebrates.

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Characteristics of Invertebrates

Invertebrates are cold-blooded and lack a skeleton made of bone; their temperature depends on the environment.

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Diversity of Invertebrates

Invertebrates represent 90% of Earth's estimated 15-30 million species, showcasing vast diversity.

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Body Symmetry

Adults are radially symmetrical; larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.

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Coelomate

Animals with a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.

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Water Vascular System

A unique system that aids in locomotion and respiration.

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External Fertilization

Fertilization occurs outside the female's body, typical in many aquatic species.

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Indirect Development

Development that involves free-swimming larval stages before adulthood.

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Notochord

A flexible rod structure that is present during embryonic development in chordates.

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Phylum Aschelminthes

A phylum characterized by round worms with organ-system level organization, bilateral symmetry, and pseudocoelomate body structure.

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Dioecious

Refers to species where male and female reproductive organs are on separate individuals, common in round worms and segmented worms.

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Complete Digestive System

The first occurrence in any phylum where digestive tract has two openings, allowing for a more efficient digestion process.

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Metamerically Segmented

Refers to the body structure of annelids being divided into repeated segments, aiding in locomotion and differentiation.

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Closed Circulatory System

A system where blood circulates within vessels, present in annelids, allowing for efficient nutrient and oxygen transport.

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Nephridia

Excretory organs found in annelids responsible for waste removal and osmoregulation.

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Study Notes

Viruses

  • Viruses are non-cellular organisms
  • Composed of genetic material and protein
  • Can invade living cells
  • Classified as viridae and Genus of virus
  • Study of viruses is called virology
  • Measured in nanometers (20-250 nm)
  • Can only reproduce by infecting living cells
  • Require electron microscope to be seen
  • Made of a core of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Virus Structure

  • Viruses are acellular (no nucleus, cytoplasm, or organelles)
  • Two main parts:
    • Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) at the core
    • Capsid (protein coat) surrounding genetic material
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope of lipids and proteins

Characteristics of Viruses

  • Enclosed in a protective envelope
  • Have spikes to attach to host cells
  • Non-cellular
  • Do not respire, metabolize, or grow, but they do reproduce
  • Contain a protein coat called the capsid
  • Have a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
  • Lack ribosomes and enzymes needed for metabolism
  • Inactive outside host cells, active inside host cells, using host cell's resources

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