Questions and Answers
Which of the following patients is at increased risk to acquire hepatitis B infection?
Which virus can cause the condition described in the HIV-positive patient with worsening eyesight, floaters in the right eye, and low CD4 count?
What does the high protein level and nuchal rigidity indicate in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid culture?
Meningitis
Which of the following virus is responsible for this patient's condition?
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Hepatitis delta virus is unique in that:
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What is the genomic structure of the most likely causative virus for the non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Acyclovir resistance in chronic herpes simplex virus infection is due to an alteration in which viral protein?
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Based on the symptoms described, what is the most likely diagnosis of the 4-year-old boy?
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What best describes the etiologic agent causing respiratory distress in the 6-month-old girl?
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What is the most likely conclusion based on the hepatitis panel results of the 27-year-old woman?
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Given the serological results, what is the most likely diagnosis of the 22-year-old female IV drug user?
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Which manifestation is associated with the pathogen causing painful ulcers on the 21-year-old woman's lower lip?
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Which factor predicts the progression of an HIV-infected individual to AIDS?
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Study Notes
Virology and Immunology
Laryngeal Papillomas in Children
- Caused by Papillomaviruses, types 6 and 11
- Same viruses that cause benign genital condylomas
HIV-Related Illness
- Patient with HIV presents with vision problems, speech and memory issues
- Diagnosis: JC virus infection (causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
Atypical Lymphocytes
- Patient presents with fever and joint pain, atypical lymphocytes in blood smear
- Diagnosis: Infection with enveloped virus having partially double-stranded circular DNA, with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity (e.g. Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Respiratory Infections
- Patient presents with difficulty breathing, fever, chills, headache, nausea, and diarrhea
- Treatment: Oseltamivir
- Diagnosis: Influenza virus (structure: Enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense, segmented RNA)
Congenital Infections
- Newborn presents with skin rash, microcephaly, hearing loss, and petechial skin rash
- Diagnosis: Congenitally acquired Cytomegalovirus
Diarrheal Diseases
- Patient presents with watery diarrhea and abdominal pain
- Diagnosis: Rotavirus infection (structure: Non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus)
Coughing Illnesses
- Patient presents with fever, sore throat, hoarse voice, nasal congestion, and violent coughing
- Diagnosis: Croup caused by Parainfluenza virus (structure: Single-stranded, negative sense, linear, non-segmented RNA)
Hepatitis Viruses
- Hepatitis delta virus requires concurrent infection with Hepatitis B virus to replicate
- Hepatitis delta virus is unique in that its infectivity requires an envelope protein provided by a helper virus
Immunology
- The dual blood and lymphatic circulation allows immune cells to access all parts of the body
- Adenoviruses can cause Keratoconjunctivitis, common colds, and acute respiratory diseases, but not cancer
Hepatitis and Liver Disease
- Patient presents with dark urine, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and malaise
- Diagnosis: Hepatitis A virus infection (structure: Single-stranded, positive-sense, linear RNA)
Other Viral Infections
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Patient presents with swelling on the jaw, recurrent episodes of epistaxis, weight loss, and generalized fatigue
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Diagnosis: Epstein-Barr virus infection (structure: Double-stranded, linear DNA)
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Patient presents with a generalized rash, fever, and tender postauricular lymphadenopathy
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Diagnosis: Rubella virus infection### Hepatitis Symptoms and Viral Structure
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A 27-year-old primigravid woman at 26 weeks' gestation experienced jaundice, nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain after returning from a trip to rural India.
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Lab results showed ALT level of 2,584 U/L, AST level of 1,010 U/L, total bilirubin of 4.6 mg/dL, and direct bilirubin of 3 mg/dL.
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The viral structure most likely causing this patient's presentation is single-stranded linear RNA.
Viral Infections and Brain Damage
- A 37-year-old man with a history of HIV infection presented with unusual behavior, disorientation, weakness, and seizures.
- MRI revealed high signal intensity in the temporal lobes and hippocampus.
- During latency, viral DNA polymerase can be detected in infected neurons.
Flu-like Symptoms and Viral Structure
- A 22-year-old man visited the medical center with complaints of flu-like symptoms, including fever, sore throat, headaches, and fatigue.
- The viral structure most likely causing this patient's symptoms is linear double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope.
Childhood Illnesses
- A 5-year-old boy presented with conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and cough, with more than 10 children in his class experiencing similar symptoms.
- The most likely causative agent is adenovirus.
Patients at Risk of Hepatitis B Infection
- Patients at increased risk of acquiring hep B infection include those with renal failure who receive clotting factor transfusions.
Ocular Complications in HIV Patients
- A 28-year-old HIV-positive man presented with worsening eyesight, "floaters" in his right eye, and progressed to involve his left eye.
- Fundoscopic examination revealed cotton-wool exudates, necrotizing retinitis, and pervivascular hemorrhages.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause this patient's condition.
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Description
Test your knowledge of virology and immunology with these questions on viruses, conditions, and diseases.
