Virology and Immunology (MICR303) Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of virus primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract?

  • Enteric viruses (correct)
  • Respiratory viruses
  • Neurotropic viruses
  • Zoonotic viruses

    • Neurotropic viruses infect the gastrointestinal tract.

    False

    What do neurotropic viruses primarily infect?

    The nervous system

    Enteric viruses infect the _____ tract.

    <p>gastrointestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of viruses with the system they infect:

    <p>Neurotropic viruses = Nervous system Enteric viruses = Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body do respiratory viruses primarily infect?

    <p>Respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory viruses can infect areas outside the respiratory tract.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common symptom caused by respiratory viruses.

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory viruses primarily affect the __________ of the body.

    <p>respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory viruses with their characteristics:

    <p>Influenza = Seasonal flu virus Rhinovirus = Common cold virus COVID-19 = Caused by SARS-CoV-2 RSV = Respiratory Syncytial Virus affecting infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteriophages can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms consist of different organs and various cell types that can be infected by viruses?

    <p>Multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses that infect bacterial cells are known as __________.

    <p>bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:

    <p>Eukaryotic = Has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotic = Lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Bacteriophage = Infects bacterial cells Multicellular = Consists of multiple cell types and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of life forms can viruses infect?

    <p>Microorganisms, plants, and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can only infect animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method used in virology.

    <p>Cell culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can infect bacteria and ________.

    <p>archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following life forms with the respective virus infectability:

    <p>Animals = Can be infected by viruses Plants = Can be infected by viruses Microorganisms = Can be infected by viruses Bacteria = Can be infected by viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'In Vitro' refer to?

    <p>Experiments performed outside of a living organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vitro experiments are performed within living organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Latin translation of 'In Vitro'?

    <p>within the glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of quantifying viruses is commonly done using _______ assay.

    <p>plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>In Vitro = Experiments outside of a living organism Plaque assay = A method for quantifying viruses In Vivo = Experiments conducted inside a living organism Animal models = Use of animals to study disease and treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multicellular hosts, viruses are known to show specificity towards which of the following?

    <p>Infecting specific tissues/organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All viruses infect only unicellular hosts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between unicellular and multicellular hosts regarding viral infections?

    <p>Viruses in multicellular hosts show specificity towards infecting specific tissues/organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multicellular hosts, viral infections can lead to tissue-specific diseases, including those affecting the ______.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hosts with their characteristics:

    <p>Unicellular = Single-celled organisms that viruses can infect Multicellular = Organisms composed of multiple cells, targeting specific organs Viruses = Pathogens that invade hosts to replicate Tissues = Specific areas affected by viral infections in multicellular hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course title: Virology and Immunology (MICR303)
    • Instructor: Dr. Ebrahim Hassan
    • Course goal: Basic understanding of virology, including virus structure, genome, replication cycle, introduction to immunology (innate vs. adaptive immunity), how viruses cause disease, preventing viral infections, antivirals, vaccines, biotechnology applications using viruses, and therapeutic viruses.

    Why Study Viruses?

    • 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic: Caused significant global mortality, nearly one-third of the global population was infected over four waves, and estimates of deaths range as high as 100 million.
    • COVID-19 (2019): Highlighted the importance of understanding viruses in preventing and controlling infectious diseases.

    Virus Replication Cycle

    • Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites: They cannot replicate outside of a host cell.
    • Replication cycle stages: Attachment, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release.
    • The cycle may repeat several times within a host cell.

    Virus Structure

    • A virus particle consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protective protein coat called a capsid.
    • Size range: 18–60 nm.
    • Different shapes: Helical, polyhedral, spherical, and complex.

    Virus Replication Cycle Steps

    • Attachment: The virus attaches to the host cell surface.
    • Penetration: The virus enters the host cell.
    • Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from the capsid.
    • Synthesis: The virus directs the host cell's metabolism to produce viral nucleic acids and proteins.
    • Assembly: Newly made viral particles are assembled.
    • Release: Newly made viruses leave the host cell.

    Types of Cells

    • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

    Viruses that Infect Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteriophages)

    • Bacteriophages infect and replicate only in bacterial cells.
    • Replication stages: Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and lysis.

    Viruses that Infect Eukaryotic Cells

    • Viruses show specificity towards infecting specific tissues/organs.
    • Examples: Respiratory viruses (infect the respiratory tract), neurotropic viruses (infect the nervous system), and enteric viruses (infect the gastrointestinal tract).

    Transmission of Respiratory Viruses

    • Understanding how a virus infects specific cells/organs helps understand its transmission.
    • Respiratory viruses are transmitted through coughing and sneezing.

    Definition of Virus

    • Viruses are small infectious agents that replicate only inside the living cells of an organism.
    • They infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms (including bacteria and archaea).

    Laboratory Methods in Virology

    • Cell Culture: Growing cells derived from living tissue in an artificial medium in the laboratory.
    • Virus Quantification (Plaque Assay): Counting the number of viruses in a specific volume to determine the virus concentration.
    • Different Animal Models: Using experimental animals (e.g., laboratory mice) to study viral infections and treatments.

    In Vitro vs. In Vivo

    • In Vitro: Experiments conducted in a test tube or other artificial environment outside a living organism.
    • In Vivo: Experiments conducted within a living organism.

    Cell Lines

    • Various cell lines, such as epithelial, endothelial, neuronal, and fibroblast cell types, are used in virology research.

    Cytopathic Effects

    • Cytopathic effects (CPE) are observed structural changes in infected cells caused by viral replication.

    Quizzes and Bonus Assignments

    • Quizzes will be given at the beginning of each lecture to test understanding of the previous material.
    • Bonus assignments will be available during lectures for students interested in deepening learning on specific topics.

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    Related Documents

    Virology and Immunology (MICR303) - Introduction PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of virology and immunology in this quiz. Understand virus structure, replication cycles, and the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Learn about the impact of historical pandemics and the importance of vaccines and antiviral therapies in disease prevention.

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