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Questions and Answers
Which type of virus primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract?
Which type of virus primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract?
Neurotropic viruses infect the gastrointestinal tract.
Neurotropic viruses infect the gastrointestinal tract.
False
What do neurotropic viruses primarily infect?
What do neurotropic viruses primarily infect?
The nervous system
Enteric viruses infect the _____ tract.
Enteric viruses infect the _____ tract.
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Match the following types of viruses with the system they infect:
Match the following types of viruses with the system they infect:
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Which part of the body do respiratory viruses primarily infect?
Which part of the body do respiratory viruses primarily infect?
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Respiratory viruses can infect areas outside the respiratory tract.
Respiratory viruses can infect areas outside the respiratory tract.
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Name a common symptom caused by respiratory viruses.
Name a common symptom caused by respiratory viruses.
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Respiratory viruses primarily affect the __________ of the body.
Respiratory viruses primarily affect the __________ of the body.
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What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Match the following respiratory viruses with their characteristics:
Match the following respiratory viruses with their characteristics:
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Bacteriophages can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Bacteriophages can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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What type of organisms consist of different organs and various cell types that can be infected by viruses?
What type of organisms consist of different organs and various cell types that can be infected by viruses?
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Viruses that infect bacterial cells are known as __________.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells are known as __________.
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Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:
Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:
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What types of life forms can viruses infect?
What types of life forms can viruses infect?
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Viruses can only infect animals.
Viruses can only infect animals.
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Name one method used in virology.
Name one method used in virology.
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Viruses can infect bacteria and ________.
Viruses can infect bacteria and ________.
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Match the following life forms with the respective virus infectability:
Match the following life forms with the respective virus infectability:
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What does the term 'In Vitro' refer to?
What does the term 'In Vitro' refer to?
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In Vitro experiments are performed within living organisms.
In Vitro experiments are performed within living organisms.
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What is the Latin translation of 'In Vitro'?
What is the Latin translation of 'In Vitro'?
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The process of quantifying viruses is commonly done using _______ assay.
The process of quantifying viruses is commonly done using _______ assay.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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In multicellular hosts, viruses are known to show specificity towards which of the following?
In multicellular hosts, viruses are known to show specificity towards which of the following?
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All viruses infect only unicellular hosts.
All viruses infect only unicellular hosts.
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What is one key difference between unicellular and multicellular hosts regarding viral infections?
What is one key difference between unicellular and multicellular hosts regarding viral infections?
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In multicellular hosts, viral infections can lead to tissue-specific diseases, including those affecting the ______.
In multicellular hosts, viral infections can lead to tissue-specific diseases, including those affecting the ______.
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Match the following types of hosts with their characteristics:
Match the following types of hosts with their characteristics:
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Virology and Immunology (MICR303)
- Instructor: Dr. Ebrahim Hassan
- Course goal: Basic understanding of virology, including virus structure, genome, replication cycle, introduction to immunology (innate vs. adaptive immunity), how viruses cause disease, preventing viral infections, antivirals, vaccines, biotechnology applications using viruses, and therapeutic viruses.
Why Study Viruses?
- 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic: Caused significant global mortality, nearly one-third of the global population was infected over four waves, and estimates of deaths range as high as 100 million.
- COVID-19 (2019): Highlighted the importance of understanding viruses in preventing and controlling infectious diseases.
Virus Replication Cycle
- Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites: They cannot replicate outside of a host cell.
- Replication cycle stages: Attachment, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release.
- The cycle may repeat several times within a host cell.
Virus Structure
- A virus particle consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protective protein coat called a capsid.
- Size range: 18–60 nm.
- Different shapes: Helical, polyhedral, spherical, and complex.
Virus Replication Cycle Steps
- Attachment: The virus attaches to the host cell surface.
- Penetration: The virus enters the host cell.
- Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from the capsid.
- Synthesis: The virus directs the host cell's metabolism to produce viral nucleic acids and proteins.
- Assembly: Newly made viral particles are assembled.
- Release: Newly made viruses leave the host cell.
Types of Cells
- Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Viruses that Infect Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteriophages)
- Bacteriophages infect and replicate only in bacterial cells.
- Replication stages: Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and lysis.
Viruses that Infect Eukaryotic Cells
- Viruses show specificity towards infecting specific tissues/organs.
- Examples: Respiratory viruses (infect the respiratory tract), neurotropic viruses (infect the nervous system), and enteric viruses (infect the gastrointestinal tract).
Transmission of Respiratory Viruses
- Understanding how a virus infects specific cells/organs helps understand its transmission.
- Respiratory viruses are transmitted through coughing and sneezing.
Definition of Virus
- Viruses are small infectious agents that replicate only inside the living cells of an organism.
- They infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms (including bacteria and archaea).
Laboratory Methods in Virology
- Cell Culture: Growing cells derived from living tissue in an artificial medium in the laboratory.
- Virus Quantification (Plaque Assay): Counting the number of viruses in a specific volume to determine the virus concentration.
- Different Animal Models: Using experimental animals (e.g., laboratory mice) to study viral infections and treatments.
In Vitro vs. In Vivo
- In Vitro: Experiments conducted in a test tube or other artificial environment outside a living organism.
- In Vivo: Experiments conducted within a living organism.
Cell Lines
- Various cell lines, such as epithelial, endothelial, neuronal, and fibroblast cell types, are used in virology research.
Cytopathic Effects
- Cytopathic effects (CPE) are observed structural changes in infected cells caused by viral replication.
Quizzes and Bonus Assignments
- Quizzes will be given at the beginning of each lecture to test understanding of the previous material.
- Bonus assignments will be available during lectures for students interested in deepening learning on specific topics.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of virology and immunology in this quiz. Understand virus structure, replication cycles, and the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Learn about the impact of historical pandemics and the importance of vaccines and antiviral therapies in disease prevention.
