Viral Vectors and Transgene Containment Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which virus from the Adenoviridae family is associated with a recommended biosafety level of 2?

  • Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
  • Adenovirus (correct)
  • Louping-ill virus
  • Fowl plague virus

    • Which virus is linked to the highest number of deaths in the Arenaviridae family?

  • Lassa virus
  • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (correct)
  • Rio Bravo virus
  • Powassan virus

    • Which virus has a recommended biosafety level of 4?

  • Lassa virus (correct)
  • Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
  • Rio Bravo virus
  • Fowl plague virus

    • Which virus has the lowest number of cases reported?

    <p>Powassan virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many deaths are associated with the Mastadenovirus family?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biosafety level for work with Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT associated with any deaths?

    <p>Arenavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended biosafety level for the Fowl plague virus?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus has both the greatest number of cases and deaths in the provided families?

    <p>Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family includes the Fowl plague virus?

    <p>Adenoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of containment level is associated with MMLV based vectors that are ecotropic?

    <p>BSL1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral vector has a broad host range and is specific to the nervous system?

    <p>Rabies virus, SAD B19 strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the containment level for adenovirus based vectors that are infective for many cell types?

    <p>BSL2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viral vectors is associated with a pseudotyping option of VSV-G?

    <p>Lentivirus based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which containment level is primarily associated with AAV based vectors?

    <p>BSL2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marker proteins are commonly used in the rabies virus vectors?

    <p>EGFP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the insert or gene function for baculovirus based vectors?

    <p>Gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to being broad host range, which other feature is unique to Poxvirus based vectors?

    <p>Can be used for veterinary vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which viral vector is the deletion of gag, pol, env, nef, and vpr notable?

    <p>Lentivirus based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral vector is classified as BSL2+ for its containment level?

    <p>Baculovirus based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of viral vectors in gene therapy?

    <p>To condense and deliver nucleic acids to new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are viral vectors considered effective for gene delivery?

    <p>They have the ability to condense nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of July 2015, what trend is observed in the approval of human gene therapy clinical protocols worldwide?

    <p>An overall increase in approvals by year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of publication provides the cited information about the number of human gene therapy clinical protocols?

    <p>A scientific journal article</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the popularity of recombinant viral vectors in research?

    <p>They receive a significant amount of citations in research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge in the use of viral vectors for gene therapy?

    <p>The potential for immune response against the vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trend chart mentioned relate to in terms of gene therapy?

    <p>The yearly approval of clinical protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of viral vector technology is highlighted by the phrase 'exploit the gene delivery capability'?

    <p>Harnessing natural viral mechanisms for therapeutic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended biosafety level for facilities working with Vaccinia and smallpox viruses, given proper immunization?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with the Yatapoxvirus genus?

    <p>Yaba and Tana viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of reported cases of the Colorado tick fever virus?

    <p>19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus requires biosafety level 3 when aerosol-producing activities are conducted?

    <p>Rabies virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus has the highest number of reported cases in the provided data?

    <p>Hepatitis virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biosafety level recommended for industrial scale work with HIV?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is included in the Togaviridae family?

    <p>Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of deaths reported for the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does the rabies virus belong to?

    <p>Rhabdoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cases were reported for the Orf virus?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommendation for working with the live variola virus?

    <p>Work must be done in approved BSL4/ABSL4 facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with a biosafety level of 3 during high concentrations?

    <p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended biosafety level for working with high concentrations of Simian foamy virus?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus within the Unspecified category has reported deaths?

    <p>Hepatitis virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of exotoxins?

    <p>They are excreted by living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following toxins uses ADP-ribosylation as its mechanism of action?

    <p>Diphtheria toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do exotoxins differ from endotoxins in terms of production?

    <p>Exotoxins are produced by living cells, whereas endotoxins are released during bacterial death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the immunogenicity of exotoxins and endotoxins?

    <p>Exotoxins stimulate formation of high-titer antibodies, while endotoxins have a less clear relationship with antibody titers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the stability of exotoxins when subjected to heat?

    <p>They are relatively unstable and have reduced toxicity at high temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true for exotoxins?

    <p>They include lipopolysaccharide complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial role of bacterial exotoxins in relation to pathogenic bacteria?

    <p>They are primary virulence factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly indicates the source of endotoxins?

    <p>They are released from dead bacterial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Viral Vectors and Transgene Containment

    • Various viral vectors are categorized based on their gene transfer capabilities and containment levels, including BSL1, BSL2, BSL2+, and BSL3.
    • Common viral vectors include MMLV, herpes virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, rabies virus, baculovirus, AAV, and poxvirus, each with distinct host ranges and gene functions.

    Laboratory Containment Levels

    • MMLV-based vectors:
      • Ecotropic; used for various genes (S, E, M)
      • BSL1 for low-risk, BSL2+ for higher-risk variants.
    • Lentivirus:
      • Utilizes HIV/SIV; ecotropic and amphotropic, reached BSL2 and BSL3 depending on applications.
    • Adenovirus:
      • Broad host range; generally BSL2 with heightened precautions BSL3 for aerosolized activities.

    Army of Other Viral Vectors

    • Baculovirus:
      • Used in gene delivery; holds a BSL1 and BSL2 containment.
    • Poxvirus:
      • Broad host range; typically falls under BSL2, escalates to BSL3 for certain applications.

    Biosafety Levels (BSL)

    • BSL defines required safety measures based on the risk associated with the pathogen.
    • BSL1: Lowest level; minimal risk to researchers and environment.
    • BSL2: Moderate risk; biosafety cabinets and specific practices needed.
    • BSL2+ and BSL3: Higher risk requiring stringent controls, especially with infectious materials.

    Impact of Viral Infections and Toxins

    • Various viruses have distinct classification and impact; for instance, HIV, Lassa virus belong to different families with protocols based around BSL2 and BSL4 based on their virulence and transmission routes.

    Characteristics of Bacterial Toxins

    • Exotoxins:
      • Secreted by live bacteria, can be protein-based and often destroyed by heat; highly antigenic.
    • Endotoxins:
      • Integral parts of Gram-negative bacteria, stable even in heat, and less antigenic compared to exotoxins.

    Important Data on Virus Cases and Deaths

    • Detailed statistics on various viruses, including the number of cases and associated deaths, indicate overall risk levels associated with different viral families and genera, while adhering to specific biosafety levels.

    Gene Therapy Protocols

    • Clinical protocols for human gene therapy have been increasing worldwide, showcasing advancements in the field of medicinal virology and gene delivery systems, paving way for potential treatments and therapies.

    Key Terms

    • VSV-G pseudotype: A method utilized in designing viral vectors for enhanced infection capabilities.
    • Transgene: A gene transferred from one organism to another, often used in research and therapeutic applications.

    Summary

    • Understanding viral vectors, safety protocols, and the nature of toxins provides essential insight into their roles in research, medicine, and their potential risks, guiding safety practices in laboratory environments.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on viral vectors and their application in gene transfer. This quiz covers essential concepts related to laboratory containment and the host range of gene transfer vectors. Understand how these vectors operate and the importance of transgene containment.

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