Virus Transmission and Pathogenesis

For a virus to initiate a successful infection, sufficient numbers of ______ must enter the host.

The affinity for susceptible tissues is known as ______.

The most common portal of entry for viruses is the ______ tract.

Antibodies of the ______ isotype bind to virus particles in the respiratory tract.

The ______ macrophages are specialized in phagocytosis in the respiratory tract.

Viruses are able to gain entry into the body through the ______ tract, among other portals.

The small intestine contains ______ cells that secrete mucus, which lines the epithelium.

Successful viruses must be resistant to the low pH of ______ acid in the gastrointestinal tract.

Localized infections occur when viruses infect and replicate only within ______ at the site of infection.

Congenital infections occur when a mother infects a ______ before its birth.

Intrapartum transmission occurs when the child is infected during the ______ process due to contact with the mother's infected blood, secretions, or biological fluids.

Vertical transmission of HIV most often occurs by intrapartum transmission, although ______ can also transmit the virus via the gastrointestinal tract.

Pregnant mother may be encouraged to deliver the child by ______ if there are active signs of maternal infection.

Herpesviruses, which remain in ______ or cells in a dormant state after infecting a healthy host, are common viral pathogens in transplants.

Rhinovirus infects the ______ cells of the upper respiratory tract and replicates there.

Several viruses can be transmitted through ______ transfusion, including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.

A host typically goes through four stages of disease development when it is infected with a ______.

The time between when the virus initially infects the host and when symptoms appear is called the ______ period.

During the prodromal period, the virus is replicating quickly within the ______.

The illness period occurs when specific symptoms of the disease ______.

During the convalescent period, the symptoms of the disease ______ as the host begins feeling better.

Rhinovirus is a cause of the common ______.

The average incubation period of the Rhinovirus is around ______ hours.

The period of communicability for Influenza A virus is from ______ hours before to 5-10 days after symptoms begin.

The contagious period for measles starts ______ days before the onset of rash.

The period of communicability for HIV is from early during infection and continues ______.

The hepatitis A virus is communicable from the last half of the ______ period to a week into jaundice.

The average incubation period of the Hepatitis B virus is around ______ months.

The replication and persistence of a virus within a host generally follow one of two different patterns of ______.

Acute infection is typically cleared by the immune system within ______ days.

Some acute infections are inapparent or ______, meaning that they produce no symptoms of disease

Persistent infections can also result from ______ or slow infections.

Viral latency is a state in which the virus becomes ______ within host cells.

For example, varicella zoster virus that causes chickenpox; Later in life, reactivation occur causes the painful skin rash known as ______.

HIV establishes a slow infection: it takes around 8–10 years for an individual to progress to a stage of disease where symptoms are ______.

Due to ______ of the immune system, HIV infects immune cells and interferes with their proper functioning.