Viral Transmission and Pathogenesis

The process of how viruses cause disease within a host is known as ______ pathogenesis.

For a virus to initiate a successful infection, sufficient numbers of ______ must enter the host.

The host cells must be ______ to the virus, and those cells must be susceptible to infection.

The affinity for susceptible tissues is known as ______.

The respiratory tract is the most common ______ of virus entry.

Alveolar ______ are a kind of immune system cell that is specialized in phagocytosis.

Viruses are able to gain entry into the body through a variety of different ______, including the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or genital tract.

Successful viruses must also be resistant to the low pH of ______ acid and the detergent qualities of bile in the gastrointestinal tract.

The ______ of the conjunctiva is caused by accidental infection with vaccinia.

Congenital infections occur when a mother infects a ______ before its birth.

The effects of congenital infections can be severe, including ______, low birth weight, and intellectual deficiencies.

Vertical transmission occurs when the virus is spread from one ______ to the next generation.

HIV can be transmitted through ______ during the birthing process.

Several viruses can be transmitted through ______ transfusion, including hepatitis and HIV.

Localized infections occur when viruses infect and replicate only within cells at the site of ______.

Rhinovirus infects the epithelial cells of the ______ respiratory tract and replicates there.

Papillomavirus strains that infect the skin replicate locally in the ______.

Virions spread to other organs through one of two ways: ______ spread and neurotropic spread.

In ______ spread, viruses spread to target organs using the bloodstream.

The shedding of virus refers to the release of infectious ______ from the host.

Viruses that infect the skin are spread through ______-to-skin contact.

Gastrointestinal viruses are shed within aerosolized ______ or diarrhea, potentially contaminating food or water.

Viruses such as HIV and herpesviruses can replicate within genital compartments and be shed in ______ or vaginal secretions.

The presence of virus within the urine is known as ______.

Some acute infections are inapparent or subclinical, meaning that they produce no ______ of disease

Occur when the host immune system is unable to effectively clear the virus, but the virus does not replicate to levels that kill the ______.

Persistent infections can also result from viral ______ or slow infections.

An example of a virus that establishes ______ is varicella zoster virus that causes chickenpox.

HIV establishes a ______ infection: it takes around 8–10 years for an individual to progress to a stage of disease where symptoms are apparent.

Due to ______, HIV establishes a slow infection.

Rhinovirus has an average incubation period of ∼______ hours.

The period of communicability of Influenza A virus begins ______ hours before symptoms begin.

Variola virus is infectious as long as blood or secretions contain the ______.

Measles virus is communicable from ______ days before to four days after onset of rash.

HIV is communicable early during infection and continues ______.

The replication and persistence of a virus within a host generally follow one of two different patterns of ______ disease.

Acute infection is typically cleared by the immune system within ______–10 days.

Epidemics are most often caused by viruses that cause ______ infection.