Viral Pathogens and Immün Yanıt
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Questions and Answers

Hepatit B ve C virüsleri dünya üzerinde ne kadar insanı etkilemektedir?

  • 300 milyon
  • 600 milyon (correct)
  • 1 milyar
  • 800 milyon

2023 yılına kadar dünya çapında HIV'den kaç kişi etkilenmiştir?

  • 85.6 milyon (correct)
  • 100 milyon
  • 40.4 milyon
  • 55.6 milyon

HIV'in neden olduğu ölümlerin sayısı 2023 yılı itibarıyla kaçtır?

  • 60.4 milyon
  • 50.4 milyon
  • 40.4 milyon (correct)
  • 30.4 milyon

Virüslerin hangi özelliği onları tehlikeli hale getirir?

<p>Zorunlu hücre içi patojen olmaları (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Etkilenen insan sayısına göre hangisi doğru bir ifade değildir?

<p>Epstein Barr virüsü 100 milyon insanı etkilemiştir. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tip I interferon türlerinden hangisi fibroblastlardan salgılanır?

<p>IFN-b (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toll benzeri reseptörlerin uyarılması hangi moleküllerle bağlantılıdır?

<p>Tek iplikli RNA (B), Çift iplikli RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tip I interferonlar hangi hücrelerde viral replikasyonu baskılar?

<p>Hem infekte hem de infekte olmamış hücrelerde (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hangi Toll benzeri reseptörler Tip I interferon üretimini uyarır?

<p>3, 7, 8, 9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virüsler konağa nasıl girer?

<p>Konak hücrelerinin yüzeyinde bulunan reseptörlere bağlanarak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Doğal öldürücüler arasında yer alan hücre türü hangisidir?

<p>Dendritik hücre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sitopatik virüslerin etkisi nedir?

<p>Hücreyi parçalarlar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-sitopatik virüslerin özelliklerinden biri nedir?

<p>Hücre içinde uzun süren latent bir enfeksiyon yaparlar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virüslere karşı doğal immün yanıtın en önemli bileşenlerinden biri nedir?

<p>Tip I Interferon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aşağıdakilerden hangisi virüslerin çoğalma mekanizmasını tanımlamaz?

<p>Hücre dışı yaşam sürmeleri (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viral enfeksiyon durumunda antikorların neyi engellemesi mümkün değildir?

<p>Hücre lizesini sağlamasını (A), Hücre dışı ortamda varlık göstermesini (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nötralizasyon hangi antikor türleri ile daha etkili bir şekilde gerçekleşir?

<p>IgG ve IgA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virüsler hücre içindeki hangi aşamada antikorlar tarafından nötralize edilebilir?

<p>Hücreye girmeden önce (B), Hücre içinde çoğalma sonrası (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hücre dışı ortamda virüslerin salındığı zaman ne olur?

<p>Antikorlar virüslerle etkileşime geçer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aşağıdakilerden hangisi antikorların nötralizasyon mekanizmasını doğru tanımlamaktadır?

<p>Virüslerin bağlanmasını engelleme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poliomyelit virüsüne karşı bağışıklık kazanmak için kaç doz oral aşı uygulanmalıdır?

<p>En az bir doz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hümoral immünite tek başına hangi durumu sağlayamaz?

<p>Virüsün ortadan kaldırılmasını (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IgG antikorlarının bir görevi nedir?

<p>Viral zarfta lizis oluşumunu sağlamak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IgA antikorları, hangi yolu uyarır?

<p>Kompleman Alternatif yolunu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NK hücreleri hangi mekanizmayla virüsle enfekte olmuş hücreleri hedef alır?

<p>Antikora Bağlı Hücresel Sitotoksisite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hücre içi virüslerin ortadan kaldırılmasında hangi hücreler kritik rol oynar?

<p>CD8+ Sitotoksik T lenfositleri (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CD8+ Sitotoksik T lenfositleri hangi molekülleri kullanarak hedef hücrelerde apoptozu induktir?

<p>Perforin ve Granzim (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Granzim B hangi önemli biyolojik süreci tetikler?

<p>Apoptozu indirmek (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CD8+ T lenfositlerinin yüzeyinde hangi ligandı sergilerler?

<p>Fas Ligandı (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perforin hangi işlevi yerine getirir?

<p>Hedef hücre zarında delikler açmak (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Viral Pathogens

Microorganisms, like viruses, that cause disease and rely on host cells for reproduction.

Immune Response

The body's defense mechanism against viral pathogens.

Hepatitis B and C Viruses

Viruses impacting millions globally, causing liver inflammation.

HIV

A virus affecting the immune system, leading to AIDS.

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Viral Pathogen Defence

The body's mechanisms to fight persistent viral invaders.

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Viral Replication

Viruses use the host cell's machinery to produce their own nucleic acids and proteins to reproduce.

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Viral Entry

Viruses enter host cells by binding to receptors on the cell surface.

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Cytopathic Viruses

Viruses that destroy the host cell after replicating inside it.

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Non-cytopathic viruses

Viruses that establish a long-term, latent infection within the host cell.

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Type I Interferon

A type of immune response crucial in fighting viral infections.

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Antibody Neutralization

Antibodies stop viruses from infecting healthy cells by binding to viral components.

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Type I Interferon

A group of proteins that inhibit viral replication in infected and uninfected cells.

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Viral Entry Blocking

Antibodies bind to viral structures to prevent viruses from entering cells.

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IFN-alpha source

Produced by leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

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IgG and IgA role

High-affinity IgG and IgA antibodies effectively neutralize viruses.

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IFN-beta source

Produced by fibroblasts.

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Toll-like receptors

Cells that detect viral materials (RNA/DNA) and trigger the production of Type I Interferon.

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Viral release time

Viruses might be found outside cells during release, or in cells as they replicate.

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Viral life cycle time

Antibodies are most effective when viruses are released or just before entering cells.

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Viral Replication Inhibition

Type I Interferon prevents viruses from replicating both in infected and surrounding cells.

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Oral Polio Vaccine

At least one dose is needed for effective protection against poliovirus.

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IgG's Role in Immunity

IgG enhances phagocytosis and Natural Killer (NK) cell activity through opsonization and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC).

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Complement Activation

IgG and IgM activate the classic complement pathway, while IgA activates the alternative pathway, leading to viral lysis.

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ADCC Mechanism

IgG triggers Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by natural killer cells.

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Humoral Immunity Limitations

Humoral immunity alone may not completely eliminate the virus.

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CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Cells that eliminate intracellular viruses by inducing apoptosis in infected cells.

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Intracellular Viruses

Viruses that replicate inside host cells.

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Perforin

A protein that creates pores in the infected cell membrane.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, crucial for virus elimination.

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Granzymes

Enzymes that induce apoptosis after perforin creates pores.

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Study Notes

Viral Pathogens and Immune Response

  • Viral pathogens are intracellular obligate organisms.
  • They utilize host cell mechanisms for replication.
  • Viruses enter cells by binding to specific receptors on the host cell surface.

Viral Pathogens and the Immune System

  • The immune system's response to chronic viral infections.
  • Type I Interferons: produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts, these interferons inhibit viral replication in both infected and surrounding cells.
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells: activated by a lack of MHC class I expression on infected cells, NK cells help eliminate infected cells through various methods.

Humoral Immunity

  • Viruses, though intracellular, exist outside cells during certain phases of infection.
  • Antibodies, by binding to viral surface proteins, can block infection of healthy cells.
  • This mechanism is known as neutralization.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

  • The complete elimination of intracellular viruses depends on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
  • CTLs kill infected cells using perforin (pores in the target cell membrane), granzymes (activate apoptosis), and or Fas ligand.

Summary Table (Illustrative)

  • The table below summarizes the responses of the immune system to different viral infections, focusing on the effectiveness of humoral and cellular immune responses.
Infectious agent Disease Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity
Variola (Smallpox) Smallpox Moderate High
Varicella zoster Chickenpox Moderate High
Epstein-Barr virus Monoeculosis Moderate High
Influenza virus Influenza Moderate Moderate
Mumps virus Mumps Moderate Moderate
Measles virus Measles Moderate Moderate
Polio virus Poliomyelitis Moderate High
Human Immunodeficiency virus AIDS Moderate to Low Moderate to Low

Note: The table provided above, summarizing the immune responses to various viral infections, is demonstrative and may not cover all viruses. The effectiveness of both humoral and cellular responses can vary considerably between viral infections.

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Viral Patojenlere Karşı İmmün Yanıt PDF

Description

Bu quiz, viral patojenlerin hücre içi yaşam döngüsünü ve bağışıklık sisteminin bu patojenlere karşı nasıl tepki verdiğini incelemektedir. Aynı zamanda humoral ve hücresel bağışıklık mekanizmaları hakkında bilgi vermektedir.

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