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Questions and Answers
Which condition is specifically mentioned as causing susceptibility to encapsulated organisms?
Which condition is specifically mentioned as causing susceptibility to encapsulated organisms?
- Cystic fibrosis
- Chronic kidney disease
- Sickle cell anemia (correct)
- Malnutrition
What is a primary cause of immune deficiency mentioned in the content?
What is a primary cause of immune deficiency mentioned in the content?
- Genetic mutations (correct)
- Viral infections
- Medication side effects
- Nutritional supplements
Why are transplant patients at increased risk for infections?
Why are transplant patients at increased risk for infections?
- They have low white blood cell counts naturally.
- They often undergo chemotherapy.
- They take immunosuppressive drugs. (correct)
- They are generally malnourished.
What factor does NOT contribute to the outcome of an infection?
What factor does NOT contribute to the outcome of an infection?
Which of the following medical conditions is least likely to result in immune deficiency?
Which of the following medical conditions is least likely to result in immune deficiency?
What type of toxins are released to the environment without causing cell lysis?
What type of toxins are released to the environment without causing cell lysis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of healthcare-associated infections?
Which of the following is a characteristic of healthcare-associated infections?
What is the main effect of cholera toxin on the intestinal lumen?
What is the main effect of cholera toxin on the intestinal lumen?
Which of the following infections typically require more potent antibiotics for treatment?
Which of the following infections typically require more potent antibiotics for treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a preventive measure for healthcare-associated infections?
Which of the following is NOT a preventive measure for healthcare-associated infections?
What can toxic shock syndrome, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, lead to?
What can toxic shock syndrome, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, lead to?
How do exotoxins differ from endotoxins in terms of their impact on cells?
How do exotoxins differ from endotoxins in terms of their impact on cells?
What effect do hospital-acquired infections typically have on treatment options?
What effect do hospital-acquired infections typically have on treatment options?
Why are strict infection control procedures necessary in a healthcare setting?
Why are strict infection control procedures necessary in a healthcare setting?
What type of toxins can cause tissue damage and alter cellular physiology?
What type of toxins can cause tissue damage and alter cellular physiology?
What severe condition can result from widespread endothelial dysfunction due to injection drug use?
What severe condition can result from widespread endothelial dysfunction due to injection drug use?
What is a possible consequence of immune reactions caused by STIs?
What is a possible consequence of immune reactions caused by STIs?
How do STIs increase the risk of other infections?
How do STIs increase the risk of other infections?
Which sexual practice has been identified as unconventional and raises STI risk?
Which sexual practice has been identified as unconventional and raises STI risk?
What complication can arise from immune complexes related to bacterial antigens?
What complication can arise from immune complexes related to bacterial antigens?
What is the main risk associated with vertical transmission of STI pathogens?
What is the main risk associated with vertical transmission of STI pathogens?
What is a major factor contributing to the spread of STIs?
What is a major factor contributing to the spread of STIs?
What factor can lead to increased immune-mediated damage in infections?
What factor can lead to increased immune-mediated damage in infections?
Which condition is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation due to STIs?
Which condition is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation due to STIs?
What inflammatory response can occur due to immune complexes from an STI?
What inflammatory response can occur due to immune complexes from an STI?
What role does Programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor activation via its ligand (PD-L1) play in the immune response?
What role does Programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor activation via its ligand (PD-L1) play in the immune response?
Which of the following viruses are known to cause T cell exhaustion through downregulation of anti-microbial T cell responses?
Which of the following viruses are known to cause T cell exhaustion through downregulation of anti-microbial T cell responses?
What major feature characterizes 'Mononuclear' patterns of inflammation?
What major feature characterizes 'Mononuclear' patterns of inflammation?
What is the primary consequence of neutrophil presence in acute mastitis?
What is the primary consequence of neutrophil presence in acute mastitis?
Which of the following patterns of inflammation is typically associated with a mild immune response to certain pathogens?
Which of the following patterns of inflammation is typically associated with a mild immune response to certain pathogens?
Which of these cells are typically NOT involved in mononuclear inflammation?
Which of these cells are typically NOT involved in mononuclear inflammation?
What is likely to happen during a chronic inflammatory response?
What is likely to happen during a chronic inflammatory response?
Which cellular mechanism does not typically lead to T cell exhaustion during viral infections?
Which cellular mechanism does not typically lead to T cell exhaustion during viral infections?
In the context of viral infections, what does the term 'T-cell exhaustion' refer to?
In the context of viral infections, what does the term 'T-cell exhaustion' refer to?
How do tumors evade host immune attacks?
How do tumors evade host immune attacks?
What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
What is antigenic drift in influenza viruses?
How do orthopoxviruses inhibit the interferon response?
How do orthopoxviruses inhibit the interferon response?
Which statement best describes antigenic shift?
Which statement best describes antigenic shift?
What impact does impaired antigen presentation have on the immune response?
What impact does impaired antigen presentation have on the immune response?
What characterizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
What characterizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Which immune response is often impaired in virus-infected cells due to specific strategies used by viruses?
Which immune response is often impaired in virus-infected cells due to specific strategies used by viruses?
Which statement is accurate regarding cytokine- or chemokine-mediated resistance in virus-infected cells?
Which statement is accurate regarding cytokine- or chemokine-mediated resistance in virus-infected cells?
What is the significance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune response?
What is the significance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune response?
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Study Notes
Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immune Evasion
- Orthopoxviruses produce soluble proteins that bind interferon, disrupting its interaction with host receptors, leading to diminished interferon response.
- Antigenic drift and shift in Influenza allow the virus to undergo genetic reassortment, resulting in diverse surface antigens that evade immune detection.
- Resistance to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is notable for its evasion of antimicrobial peptides.
- Impaired antigen presentation occurs due to disruption of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, leading to poor recognition by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
- Programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor activation results in T cell tolerance towards virus-infected cells, causing T cell exhaustion, observed in HIV and Hepatitis C cases.
Patterns of Inflammatory Response to Infection
- Infectious agents induce inflammation presenting in different patterns based on the pathogen and the immune status of the patient.
- Acute Mastitis is characterized by numerous neutrophils against a background of necrotic debris.
- Mononuclear inflammation features lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages rather than neutrophils.
- Healthcare-associated infections are more severe due to antibiotic resistance observed in hospital-acquired pathogens.
Bacterial Toxins
- Exotoxins are released into the environment without cell lysis, demonstrating specific actions such as the cholera toxin, which increases intestinal chloride secretion, leading to severe diarrhea.
- Toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus can lead to widespread dysfunction and serious conditions such as septic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Immune Damage and Complex Formation
- Immune reactions triggered by infections can lead to tissue injury via inflammation.
- Immune complexes formed from bacterial antigens may deposit in tissues, causing inflammation and conditions such as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSAGN).
Impact of Medical Conditions on Infection Risk
- Primary or secondary immune deficiencies, such as genetic mutations or HIV, increase susceptibility to infections.
- Malnutrition impairs the ability to maintain optimal immune defenses.
- Transplant patients are particularly vulnerable to infections due to immunosuppressive therapy.
- Cancer patients, particularly those undergoing chemotherapy, are at a higher risk of opportunistic infections due to bone marrow suppression.
General Principles of Infection Management
- Unique pathogens can facilitate secondary infections, as damage from one can enable entry of others.
- Vertical transmission of STIs can occur during childbirth, with potential pathogens like Burkholderia cepacia posing risks.
- The outcome of infections is a balance between pathogen virulence and the host's immune response.
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