lecture 25- immunology

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is the primary goal of viruses targeting and infecting immune cells?

Induce inflammatory responses

Enhance host immunity

Facilitate viral replication (correct)

Promote host cell growth

How do viruses evade host immunity by depleting CD4+ T cells?

Compromising the host's adaptive immune system (correct)

Stimulating antibody production

Enhancing adaptive immune responses

Promoting host cell differentiation

Which of the following is a mechanism viruses use to evade host immunity mentioned in the text?

Promote immune cell growth

Suppress inflammatory responses (correct)

Enhance immune signaling pathways

Induce CTL activation

What property makes vaccination most effective against microbes?

Undergoing antigenic variation Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding viral evasion mechanisms crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines?

To counteract viral immune evasion strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is the key mechanism highlighted in the text that viruses use to evade host immunity?

Surface antigen alterations Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein in the Class I MHC pathway?

Transports peptides from ER to cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Why do alterations in surface antigens help viruses evade host immunity?

To avoid immune detection and elimination Signup and view all the answers

Which viral evasion strategy involves inhibiting steps in the Class I MHC pathway?

Inhibition of antigen processing Signup and view all the answers

How does inhibiting antigen processing and Class I MHC presentation impact infected cells?

Decreases immune response effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

How do some viruses evade immune detection and clearance?

By inhibiting key steps in the immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of animals serving as reservoirs for viruses?

Continuous transmission of the virus Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for developing effective vaccination strategies against viruses?

Understanding properties of the target microbe Signup and view all the answers

The shift in focus to immunity against bacteria, fungi, and parasites is mentioned as a result of what?

Understanding the importance of other microbial threats Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to address factors like latency and antigenic variation in vaccination strategies?

To improve vaccine efficacy and immune protection Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the gradual changes in surface antigens of viruses due to point mutations?

Antigenic drift Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves sudden and significant changes in surface antigens of viruses due to genetic reassortment between different viral strains?

Antigenic shift Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of viral evasion of host immunity through alterations in surface antigens?

Challenging immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Why does viral alteration of surface antigens create strains that are no longer recognized by the immune system?

Caused by genetic changes Signup and view all the answers

How do alterations in surface antigens contribute to the spread of viruses within populations?

Via reduced recognition by the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response provides early defense against microbes?

Innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

How do many pathogenic microbes ensure their survival?

By resisting innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that influences the success of vaccination?

The properties of the target microbe Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between infectious microbes and the immune system?

They are in constant conflict for survival Signup and view all the answers

How do some microbes establish latent or persistent infections?

By being controlled but not eliminated by the immune response Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the mechanisms of immune evasion and resistance help combat infectious diseases?

By developing targeted approaches to combat pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What role do defects in immunity play in susceptibility to infections?

They increase vulnerability to certain types of infections Signup and view all the answers

Why is studying immune responses important in managing infections?

To assess the severity and guide treatment strategies Signup and view all the answers

In what way do microbes with effective evasion mechanisms impact infection severity?

They are more likely to cause severe infections Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent, treat, and manage infectious diseases?

Understanding the interplay between the immune system and microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of viral decoy molecules in protecting infected cells from NK cell-mediated killing?

Competing with pro-inflammatory cytokines Signup and view all the answers

How do viral proteins interact with natural killer (NK) cell receptors to evade immune surveillance?

By acting as ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors Signup and view all the answers

Why do viruses encode proteins that act as ligands for inhibitory receptors on natural killer (NK) cells?

To evade immune surveillance and inhibit NK cell-mediated killing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of viruses inhibiting antigen processing and Class I MHC presentation?

To evade recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism do viruses use to compete with cytokines and protect infected cells from natural killer cell-mediated killing?

Functioning as decoy signal molecules Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses evade the host immune system by resembling MHC class I proteins?

By interacting with natural killer cell receptors Signup and view all the answers

In what way do viral proteins mimic the action of immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10?

By binding and inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What role do viral proteins that act as ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors play in evasion of immune surveillance?

Preventing NK cell-mediated killing of infected cells Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses manage to evade recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Through inhibition of antigen processing pathways Signup and view all the answers