Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity
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Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary reason to postpone treatment when managing patients with herpes labialis?

  • Treatment can exacerbate the lesion.
  • Patients usually experience less pain after treatment.
  • It requires antibiotic therapy.
  • Herpes labialis is highly contagious. (correct)

    • Which viral infection is considered the most common affecting the oral cavity?

  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Herpes Simplex Virus (correct)
  • Epstein-Barr Virus
  • Human Papillomavirus

    • Which of the following is a common sign of oral viral infections?

  • Fever blisters on the feet
  • Oral ulcers (correct)
  • Sensitivity to hot and cold
  • Swelling of the periodontal tissue

    • What is an important aspect of managing patients with common oral viral infections?

    <p>Educating about proper oral hygiene techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Understanding which aspect is crucial for dental clinicians managing oral viral infections?

    <p>The demographics of affected populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the dental team play when treating acute oral conditions related to viral infections?

    <p>Collaborating to ensure comprehensive patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of mumps in individuals who contract it after puberty?

    <p>Pain &amp; swelling of testicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?

    <p>Oral Hairy Leukoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the aetiology of oral viral infections important for treatment?

    <p>It guides preventative strategies and informed consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a route of transmission for oral viral infections?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable complication of measles?

    <p>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary host for Epstein-Barr Virus?

    <p>A human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does measles primarily spread?

    <p>Air droplets &amp; surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>Koplik’s spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be expected if a person contracts mumps?

    <p>It primarily affects children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Epstein-Barr Virus in a person's body after the initial infection?

    <p>It remains dormant in B-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of chickenpox caused by Varicella-Zoster virus?

    <p>Painless vesicular rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for Varicella-Zoster infection?

    <p>2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is commonly affected in Ramsay Hunt syndrome associated with shingles?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is primarily responsible for Herpangina?

    <p>Coxsackie A virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Hand Foot & Mouth disease?

    <p>Rash on buttocks and groin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the vesicles of Herpes Simplex compared to those of chickenpox?

    <p>Rash is painful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is primarily affected by Varicella?

    <p>Children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What route is not a common transmission method for Hand Foot & Mouth disease?

    <p>Vector transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the Epstein-Barr virus?

    <p>Most infections occur during early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least associated with a Varicella-Zoster infection in adults?

    <p>Severe abdominal cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence indicated if MMR vaccination rates do not improve in London?

    <p>Potential for a measles outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of herpes simplex virus is primarily associated with orofacial lesions?

    <p>Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HS2 refer to in the context of herpes simplex infections?

    <p>Genital lesions below the belt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the current vaccination rates and their implications in London?

    <p>Low MMR vaccination rates could lead to a large outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koplik's Spots are most closely associated with which disease?

    <p>Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of secondary herpes activation?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common method to alleviate symptoms of herpes?

    <p>Increased sun exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key piece of advice to manage herpes at home?

    <p>Practice good hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals with herpes do to avoid spreading the virus?

    <p>Isolate during active outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is primarily associated with primary genital herpes infection?

    <p>Gingivostomatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a trigger for herpes outbreaks?

    <p>Exposure to direct sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management approach is essential for staff in dealing with herpes infections?

    <p>Infection control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can stress impact herpes infections?

    <p>It can stimulate the activation of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity

    • Varicella-zoster virus (human herpesvirus 3) causes chickenpox and shingles
    • Varicella is common in children, typically leads to a mild self-managed illness
    • Varicella is more serious when contracted in adulthood
    • Key facts about Varicella-zoster
      • 2-week incubation period
      • Symptoms include fever and rash
      • Papules become vesicular and itchy but painless
      • Unlike the rash in shingles
    • Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus
    • It is a painful viral infection that causes a rash of fluid-filled blisters
    • Ramsay Hunt syndrome is shingles of the facial nerve
    • Key facts about Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
      • It is rare and usually presents with a unilateral facial palsy
      • A vesicular rash is often present on the tympanic membrane and auditory canal

    Hand Foot & Mouth Disease

    • Caused by group A coxsackieviruses
    • Common symptoms include malaise, fever, and a rash
    • Key facts about Hand Foot & Mouth Disease
      • Spots can appear on the buttocks and groin
      • Transmission occurs via air droplets, coughing, fecal contact, and contaminated objects
      • Outbreaks are common in nurseries

    Herpangina

    • Coxsackie A virus is the main cause.
    • Herpangina Key Facts
      • It is mainly characterized by vesicles in the mouth
      • Seasonal, occurring mostly in the summer
      • Symptoms include malaise, sore throat, and fever
      • It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route or air droplets
      • Usually self-managed

    Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) (Human Herpesvirus 4)

    • Most people are infected with EBV in early childhood
    • Infection in teenagers and young adults often causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
    • EBV remains dormant in the body and causes no symptoms
    • Key facts about EBV
      • It resides in a latent form in B-lymphocytes
      • Humans are the only known host
    • EBV is the main cause of Infectious mononucleosis (Glandular fever), Burkitt’s Lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Oral Hairy Leukoplasia

    Mumps

    • Usually affects children and causes parotitis (inflammation of the salivary glands)
    • Mumps symptoms are usually painful
    • ** Key facts about Mumps**
      • If contracted after puberty, 1 in 4 males may experience pain and swelling of the testes
      • 1 in 20 females may experience swelling of the ovaries
      • 1 in 20 may experience temporary hearing loss
      • 1 in 1,000 may develop viral meningitis
      • 1 in 20 may develop acute pancreatitis

    Measles (Measles Morbillivirus)

    • It is one of the most infectious diseases known
    • It is transmitted via air droplets and contaminated surfaces.
    • Measles enters the respiratory tract
    • It is characterized by an exanthematous rash, headache, fever, sore throat, and Koplik’s spots
    • Measles can cause significant complications including:
      • Stillbirth and miscarriage during pregnancy
      • Vision loss
      • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare, brain complication)
      • Seizures
      • Encephalitis

    Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV 1 & 2)

    • It occurs as a primary infection and a secondary infection.
    • HSV 1 typically causes orofacial lesions or lesions "above the belt".
    • HSV 2 typically causes genital lesions "below the belt".
    • The primary HSV-1 infection causes primary gingivostomatitis, herpetic whitlow, and encephalitis
    • The secondary HSV infection causes herpes labialis or cold sores
      • Cold sores can be triggered by stress, trauma, sunlight, menstruation, immunosuppression, and fatigue

    Herpes Labialis (Cold Sore)

    • Herpes labialis causes a group of fluid-filled blisters on the lip or around the mouth.
    • Key facts
      • Cold sores usually self-heal with home remedies
      • Common management advice includes eating cool soft foods, avoiding triggers, using NSAIDs, applying cold compresses, using sunblock, staying hydrated, and resting
      • Isolate the cold sore from others to prevent spread
      • Do not kiss or have oral sex while a cold sore is present
      • Use a tissue to cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing
      • Do not share food, cutlery, or towels

    General Management of Oral Viral Infections

    • Clinicians should be able to recognize oral viral infections and protect themselves from infection
    • It is essential to manage the patient's symptoms
    • Refer to a specialist if necessary
    • It is vital to employ infection control practices to prevent the spread of viral infections to other patients

    HIV

    • See Sexually Transmitted Disease lecture for more information

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