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Questions and Answers
What is a primary reason to postpone treatment when managing patients with herpes labialis?
What is a primary reason to postpone treatment when managing patients with herpes labialis?
Which viral infection is considered the most common affecting the oral cavity?
Which viral infection is considered the most common affecting the oral cavity?
Which of the following is a common sign of oral viral infections?
Which of the following is a common sign of oral viral infections?
What is an important aspect of managing patients with common oral viral infections?
What is an important aspect of managing patients with common oral viral infections?
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Understanding which aspect is crucial for dental clinicians managing oral viral infections?
Understanding which aspect is crucial for dental clinicians managing oral viral infections?
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What role does the dental team play when treating acute oral conditions related to viral infections?
What role does the dental team play when treating acute oral conditions related to viral infections?
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What is a common symptom of mumps in individuals who contract it after puberty?
What is a common symptom of mumps in individuals who contract it after puberty?
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Which disease is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?
Which disease is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?
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Why is understanding the aetiology of oral viral infections important for treatment?
Why is understanding the aetiology of oral viral infections important for treatment?
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Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a route of transmission for oral viral infections?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a route of transmission for oral viral infections?
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What is a notable complication of measles?
What is a notable complication of measles?
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Which of the following is a primary host for Epstein-Barr Virus?
Which of the following is a primary host for Epstein-Barr Virus?
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How does measles primarily spread?
How does measles primarily spread?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with infectious mononucleosis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with infectious mononucleosis?
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What should be expected if a person contracts mumps?
What should be expected if a person contracts mumps?
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What happens to Epstein-Barr Virus in a person's body after the initial infection?
What happens to Epstein-Barr Virus in a person's body after the initial infection?
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What is the primary symptom of chickenpox caused by Varicella-Zoster virus?
What is the primary symptom of chickenpox caused by Varicella-Zoster virus?
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What is the incubation period for Varicella-Zoster infection?
What is the incubation period for Varicella-Zoster infection?
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Which nerve is commonly affected in Ramsay Hunt syndrome associated with shingles?
Which nerve is commonly affected in Ramsay Hunt syndrome associated with shingles?
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Which virus is primarily responsible for Herpangina?
Which virus is primarily responsible for Herpangina?
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What is a common feature of Hand Foot & Mouth disease?
What is a common feature of Hand Foot & Mouth disease?
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What characterizes the vesicles of Herpes Simplex compared to those of chickenpox?
What characterizes the vesicles of Herpes Simplex compared to those of chickenpox?
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Which age group is primarily affected by Varicella?
Which age group is primarily affected by Varicella?
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What route is not a common transmission method for Hand Foot & Mouth disease?
What route is not a common transmission method for Hand Foot & Mouth disease?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the Epstein-Barr virus?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Epstein-Barr virus?
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Which symptom is least associated with a Varicella-Zoster infection in adults?
Which symptom is least associated with a Varicella-Zoster infection in adults?
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What is the primary consequence indicated if MMR vaccination rates do not improve in London?
What is the primary consequence indicated if MMR vaccination rates do not improve in London?
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Which type of herpes simplex virus is primarily associated with orofacial lesions?
Which type of herpes simplex virus is primarily associated with orofacial lesions?
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What does HS2 refer to in the context of herpes simplex infections?
What does HS2 refer to in the context of herpes simplex infections?
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Which of the following is true about the current vaccination rates and their implications in London?
Which of the following is true about the current vaccination rates and their implications in London?
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Koplik's Spots are most closely associated with which disease?
Koplik's Spots are most closely associated with which disease?
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What is the primary cause of secondary herpes activation?
What is the primary cause of secondary herpes activation?
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Which of the following is NOT a common method to alleviate symptoms of herpes?
Which of the following is NOT a common method to alleviate symptoms of herpes?
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What is a key piece of advice to manage herpes at home?
What is a key piece of advice to manage herpes at home?
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What should individuals with herpes do to avoid spreading the virus?
What should individuals with herpes do to avoid spreading the virus?
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Which symptom is primarily associated with primary genital herpes infection?
Which symptom is primarily associated with primary genital herpes infection?
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Which factor is considered a trigger for herpes outbreaks?
Which factor is considered a trigger for herpes outbreaks?
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What management approach is essential for staff in dealing with herpes infections?
What management approach is essential for staff in dealing with herpes infections?
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How can stress impact herpes infections?
How can stress impact herpes infections?
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Study Notes
Viral Infections of the Oral Cavity
- Varicella-zoster virus (human herpesvirus 3) causes chickenpox and shingles
- Varicella is common in children, typically leads to a mild self-managed illness
- Varicella is more serious when contracted in adulthood
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Key facts about Varicella-zoster
- 2-week incubation period
- Symptoms include fever and rash
- Papules become vesicular and itchy but painless
- Unlike the rash in shingles
- Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus
- It is a painful viral infection that causes a rash of fluid-filled blisters
- Ramsay Hunt syndrome is shingles of the facial nerve
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Key facts about Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
- It is rare and usually presents with a unilateral facial palsy
- A vesicular rash is often present on the tympanic membrane and auditory canal
Hand Foot & Mouth Disease
- Caused by group A coxsackieviruses
- Common symptoms include malaise, fever, and a rash
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Key facts about Hand Foot & Mouth Disease
- Spots can appear on the buttocks and groin
- Transmission occurs via air droplets, coughing, fecal contact, and contaminated objects
- Outbreaks are common in nurseries
Herpangina
- Coxsackie A virus is the main cause.
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Herpangina Key Facts
- It is mainly characterized by vesicles in the mouth
- Seasonal, occurring mostly in the summer
- Symptoms include malaise, sore throat, and fever
- It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route or air droplets
- Usually self-managed
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) (Human Herpesvirus 4)
- Most people are infected with EBV in early childhood
- Infection in teenagers and young adults often causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
- EBV remains dormant in the body and causes no symptoms
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Key facts about EBV
- It resides in a latent form in B-lymphocytes
- Humans are the only known host
- EBV is the main cause of Infectious mononucleosis (Glandular fever), Burkitt’s Lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Oral Hairy Leukoplasia
Mumps
- Usually affects children and causes parotitis (inflammation of the salivary glands)
- Mumps symptoms are usually painful
- ** Key facts about Mumps**
- If contracted after puberty, 1 in 4 males may experience pain and swelling of the testes
- 1 in 20 females may experience swelling of the ovaries
- 1 in 20 may experience temporary hearing loss
- 1 in 1,000 may develop viral meningitis
- 1 in 20 may develop acute pancreatitis
Measles (Measles Morbillivirus)
- It is one of the most infectious diseases known
- It is transmitted via air droplets and contaminated surfaces.
- Measles enters the respiratory tract
- It is characterized by an exanthematous rash, headache, fever, sore throat, and Koplik’s spots
- Measles can cause significant complications including:
- Stillbirth and miscarriage during pregnancy
- Vision loss
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare, brain complication)
- Seizures
- Encephalitis
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV 1 & 2)
- It occurs as a primary infection and a secondary infection.
- HSV 1 typically causes orofacial lesions or lesions "above the belt".
- HSV 2 typically causes genital lesions "below the belt".
- The primary HSV-1 infection causes primary gingivostomatitis, herpetic whitlow, and encephalitis
- The secondary HSV infection causes herpes labialis or cold sores
- Cold sores can be triggered by stress, trauma, sunlight, menstruation, immunosuppression, and fatigue
Herpes Labialis (Cold Sore)
- Herpes labialis causes a group of fluid-filled blisters on the lip or around the mouth.
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Key facts
- Cold sores usually self-heal with home remedies
- Common management advice includes eating cool soft foods, avoiding triggers, using NSAIDs, applying cold compresses, using sunblock, staying hydrated, and resting
- Isolate the cold sore from others to prevent spread
- Do not kiss or have oral sex while a cold sore is present
- Use a tissue to cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing
- Do not share food, cutlery, or towels
General Management of Oral Viral Infections
- Clinicians should be able to recognize oral viral infections and protect themselves from infection
- It is essential to manage the patient's symptoms
- Refer to a specialist if necessary
- It is vital to employ infection control practices to prevent the spread of viral infections to other patients
HIV
- See Sexually Transmitted Disease lecture for more information
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