Viral Infection Mechanisms Quiz

Viruses are organisms that cannot replicate independently and require a host cell to reproduce. They lack the ability to produce energy or proteins on their own.

The viral particle, containing the genetic material and protein shell, is known as the virion.

Viruses store their genetic information in either DNA or RNA, but not both.

The capsid is a protective protein shell that surrounds the viral genome.

The envelope is an outer layer of the virus composed of lipids and glycoproteins, derived from the host cell membrane.

The envelope is an outer layer of the virus composed of lipids and glycoproteins, derived from the host cell membrane.

The viral replication cycle depends on the host cell providing the necessary resources for viral protein synthesis and genome replication.

Viruses can have different sizes and shapes, and they can be classified based on their morphology.

A cell that possesses a functional receptor for a specific virus but may not be able to support viral replication.

A cell that has the necessary machinery to replicate a virus. It may or may not be susceptible.

A cell that partially supports viral replication, resulting in inefficient replication.

A type of infection where a virus can both attach to (susceptible) and replicate in (permissive) a host cell, leading to the production of new viral particles.

A type of infection where a virus can attach to (susceptible) a host cell, but cannot replicate (not permissive).

A type of infection where a virus can both attach to (susceptible) and partially replicate (semipermissive) in a host cell, resulting in limited viral production.

A type of infection where a virus can both attach to (susceptible) and replicate (permissive) in a host cell, but the viral genome remains dormant, without active replication.

The process of a latent virus reactivation, where it begins to actively replicate again.

A process where viruses penetrate the host cell's membrane to deliver their genetic material.

The removal of the protective outer layer of a virus, exposing its genetic material.

The process of replicating the virus's genetic material and producing viral proteins.

The assembly of new viral particles using newly replicated genetic material and viral proteins.

The release of new viral particles from the host cell.

A viral exit method where new viruses burst out of the host cell, destroying it.

A viral exit method where viruses bud from the host cell membrane, acquiring a new envelope.

A classification system for viruses based on their RNA or DNA composition and replication strategy.

Any visible changes in a host cell caused by a viral infection.

Viral infection causes the cell to become larger.

A type of CPE where infected cells fuse together to form giant cells.

Visible structures inside a cell, either in the nucleus or cytoplasm, caused by viral infection.

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they require a living host cell to replicate.

A method of growing viruses in the laboratory using living cells, such as animal cells, embryonic eggs, or tissues.

Cells that are used to grow viruses in a lab. They can be primary (freshly obtained) or secondary (derived from primary cells).

The conditions needed to grow cells in a laboratory, including temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels. These conditions mimic the natural environment of the cells.

Cell cultures obtained directly from tissue, often requiring specialized techniques and time to establish. They are less susceptible to genetic alterations and are a good model for studying cell behavior.

Cell cultures derived from primary cell cultures by subculture. They are more homogeneous and provide better control for research purposes.

Cell lines that possess the ability to divide continuously, often derived from tumor cells or immortalized cell types. They are valuable tools for research but can be less representative of normal cells.

A laboratory method used to detect and identify viruses. It involves culturing the virus in a suitable host cell system and observing its growth and effects.

A powerful technique for amplifying viral DNA or RNA, allowing for sensitive and specific detection of viral infections. It uses cycles of heating and cooling to replicate target DNA sequences.

Immunological techniques used to detect the presence of antibodies against specific viruses in a patient's blood serum. These antibody-based tests are useful for diagnosing past or current infections.

Antiviral drugs are designed to block the replication of viruses by interfering with essential viral processes, often targeting specific viral enzymes or structures.

The ability of viruses to evolve and develop resistance to antiviral drugs poses a significant challenge in treating viral infections.

Docosanol is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol that prevents the herpes simplex virus from entering cells by blocking fusion between the viral envelope and the plasma membrane.

Amantadine and rimantadine block the M2 proton channel, preventing the influenza A virus from releasing its ribonucleoproteins into the cytoplasm.

Nucleoside analogs are modified versions of nucleosides that incorporate into the viral genome, causing errors in replication or transcription, ultimately stopping the virus from making copies of itself.

Saquinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir inhibit HIV proteases, which are enzymes crucial for the assembly of new HIV virions.

Zanamivir and oseltamivir prevent the release of new influenza A and B viral particles from infected cells by inhibiting neuroaminidase.

Interferons are signaling proteins produced by cells in response to viral infections. They act as an 'early warning system', triggering an antiviral state in the body.

The innate immune response is the body's first line of defense against viral infections. It involves various non-specific mechanisms to combat viruses before an adaptive immune response develops.

The adaptive immune response is a specific response to a particular virus. It involves T and B cells that learn to recognize and target the virus for destruction.