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Questions and Answers
Genetic shift occurs when a cell is infected by two different viruses of the same type.
False
Anti-genetic shift results in major global outbreaks through random mutations of the virus.
False
The rubella virus can cause congenital diseases in children, including deafness and cataracts.
True
Mumps can lead to orchitis, which is the inflammation of the testes.
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Palivizumab is a treatment specifically used for measles infections.
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Measles presents with a maculopapular rash that begins on the trunk and spreads to the face.
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The presence of giant cells in a lymph node biopsy is characteristic of mumps infection.
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Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are antigens involved in the pathology of croup.
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Rubella is classified as a type of paramyxovirus.
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SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptor for cell entry.
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Genetic shift leads to minor variations in influenza viruses.
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Congenital rubella can lead to serious complications, including sensorineural deafness and cataracts.
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The hemagglutinin protein assists in promoting progeny virion release.
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Palivizumab is a treatment used for preventing infections caused by RSV in premature infants.
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Mumps virus is primarily characterized by causing severe respiratory symptoms.
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Measles is characterized by a prodromal phase that includes cough and conjunctivitis.
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Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is also known as croup and is characterized by a 'seal-like' barking cough.
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Paramyxoviruses lack the ability to cause respiratory infections in infants.
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Rubella virus can lead to congenital defects but does not cause any postauricular lymphadenopathy.
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare complication of measles that occurs years after infection.
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Genetic shift is responsible for minor variations of the virus in local epidemics.
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The rubella virus can cause both mild disease in children and serious congenital defects in infants.
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All paramyxoviruses have surface F proteins that lead to the fusion of respiratory epithelial cells.
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Neuraminidase promotes viral entry into host cells.
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Vitamin A supplementation has no effect on the morbidity and mortality of measles in malnourished children.
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Mumps virus is primarily associated with respiratory infections in children.
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Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is a common manifestation of adenovirus infection.
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The presence of Koplik spots is a classic sign associated with measles infection.
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Paramyxoviruses cannot cause pneumonia in infants.
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Hemagglutinin is involved in binding sialic acid and promoting viral entry.
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Study Notes
Viral Evolution
-
Genetic Shift
- Occurs when a cell is co-infected by segmented viruses, leading to RNA segment reassortment.
- Results in significantly different viruses responsible for global pandemics.
-
Anti-Genetic Shift
- Involves random mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) genes.
- Causes minor variations of the virus, leading to local seasonal epidemics.
Different Viruses
Influenza Viruses
-
Characteristics
- Belong to Orthomyxoviruses.
- Enveloped, negative single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome.
-
Risk Factors
- Patients prone to severe bacterial superinfection by species like S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae.
-
Treatment
- Supportive care plus neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir or zanamivir.
Rubella Virus
-
Causes
- Inflicts rubella, historically known as German measles.
-
Presentation
- Symptoms include fever, postauricular lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and a fine maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads.
-
Congenital Rubella
- Mild disease in children can lead to severe congenital issues (TORCH infection).
- Classic triad includes sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and patent ductus arteriosus.
- "Blueberry muffin" appearance from dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis may be observed.
Paramyxoviruses
-
Role and Examples
- Cause respiratory diseases, particularly in children; examples include parainfluenza (croup), mumps, measles, RSV, and human metapneumovirus.
-
Characteristics
- Surface F (fusion) proteins facilitate the fusion of respiratory epithelial cells, creating multinucleated cells.
-
Treatment
- Palivizumab is used as prophylaxis in premature infants to prevent RSV pneumonia.
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
-
Viral Factors
- Hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (aids in virion release) are key antigens.
-
Presentation
- Characterized by a "seal-like" barking cough and inspiratory stridor; steeple sign visible on X-ray due to upper airway narrowing.
Measles (Rubeola) Virus
-
Presentation
- Initial symptoms include prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and Koplik spots; followed by a maculopapular rash spreading downwards.
-
Characteristics
- Exhibits giant cells (fused lymphocytes) in paracortical hyperplasia context.
-
Possible Sequelae
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) leading to severe neurological decline years later.
- Encephalitis (1:1000 occurrence) occurring shortly after the rash.
- Giant cell pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals.
-
Treatment
- Vitamin A supplementation can lower morbidity and mortality rates associated with measles, especially in malnourished children.
Mumps Virus
-
Current Situation
- Rare due to the success of the MMR vaccine.
-
Presentation
- Symptoms include parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis, with potential sterility risks post-puberty.
Receptors Used by Viruses
-
Key Receptors
- CMV: Integrins (heparan sulfate)
- EBV: CD21
- HIV: CD4, CXCR4, CCR5
- Parvovirus B19: P antigen on RBCs
- Rabies: Nicotinic AChR
- Rhinovirus: ICAM-1
- SARS-CoV-2: ACE2
Viral Evolution
-
Genetic Shift
- Occurs when a cell is co-infected by segmented viruses, leading to RNA segment reassortment.
- Results in significantly different viruses responsible for global pandemics.
-
Anti-Genetic Shift
- Involves random mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) genes.
- Causes minor variations of the virus, leading to local seasonal epidemics.
Different Viruses
Influenza Viruses
-
Characteristics
- Belong to Orthomyxoviruses.
- Enveloped, negative single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome.
-
Risk Factors
- Patients prone to severe bacterial superinfection by species like S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae.
-
Treatment
- Supportive care plus neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir or zanamivir.
Rubella Virus
-
Causes
- Inflicts rubella, historically known as German measles.
-
Presentation
- Symptoms include fever, postauricular lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and a fine maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads.
-
Congenital Rubella
- Mild disease in children can lead to severe congenital issues (TORCH infection).
- Classic triad includes sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and patent ductus arteriosus.
- "Blueberry muffin" appearance from dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis may be observed.
Paramyxoviruses
-
Role and Examples
- Cause respiratory diseases, particularly in children; examples include parainfluenza (croup), mumps, measles, RSV, and human metapneumovirus.
-
Characteristics
- Surface F (fusion) proteins facilitate the fusion of respiratory epithelial cells, creating multinucleated cells.
-
Treatment
- Palivizumab is used as prophylaxis in premature infants to prevent RSV pneumonia.
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
-
Viral Factors
- Hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (aids in virion release) are key antigens.
-
Presentation
- Characterized by a "seal-like" barking cough and inspiratory stridor; steeple sign visible on X-ray due to upper airway narrowing.
Measles (Rubeola) Virus
-
Presentation
- Initial symptoms include prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and Koplik spots; followed by a maculopapular rash spreading downwards.
-
Characteristics
- Exhibits giant cells (fused lymphocytes) in paracortical hyperplasia context.
-
Possible Sequelae
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) leading to severe neurological decline years later.
- Encephalitis (1:1000 occurrence) occurring shortly after the rash.
- Giant cell pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals.
-
Treatment
- Vitamin A supplementation can lower morbidity and mortality rates associated with measles, especially in malnourished children.
Mumps Virus
-
Current Situation
- Rare due to the success of the MMR vaccine.
-
Presentation
- Symptoms include parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis, with potential sterility risks post-puberty.
Receptors Used by Viruses
-
Key Receptors
- CMV: Integrins (heparan sulfate)
- EBV: CD21
- HIV: CD4, CXCR4, CCR5
- Parvovirus B19: P antigen on RBCs
- Rabies: Nicotinic AChR
- Rhinovirus: ICAM-1
- SARS-CoV-2: ACE2
Viral Evolution
-
Genetic Shift
- Occurs when a cell is co-infected by segmented viruses, leading to RNA segment reassortment.
- Results in significantly different viruses responsible for global pandemics.
-
Anti-Genetic Shift
- Involves random mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) genes.
- Causes minor variations of the virus, leading to local seasonal epidemics.
Different Viruses
Influenza Viruses
-
Characteristics
- Belong to Orthomyxoviruses.
- Enveloped, negative single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome.
-
Risk Factors
- Patients prone to severe bacterial superinfection by species like S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae.
-
Treatment
- Supportive care plus neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir or zanamivir.
Rubella Virus
-
Causes
- Inflicts rubella, historically known as German measles.
-
Presentation
- Symptoms include fever, postauricular lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, and a fine maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads.
-
Congenital Rubella
- Mild disease in children can lead to severe congenital issues (TORCH infection).
- Classic triad includes sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and patent ductus arteriosus.
- "Blueberry muffin" appearance from dermal extramedullary hematopoiesis may be observed.
Paramyxoviruses
-
Role and Examples
- Cause respiratory diseases, particularly in children; examples include parainfluenza (croup), mumps, measles, RSV, and human metapneumovirus.
-
Characteristics
- Surface F (fusion) proteins facilitate the fusion of respiratory epithelial cells, creating multinucleated cells.
-
Treatment
- Palivizumab is used as prophylaxis in premature infants to prevent RSV pneumonia.
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
-
Viral Factors
- Hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (aids in virion release) are key antigens.
-
Presentation
- Characterized by a "seal-like" barking cough and inspiratory stridor; steeple sign visible on X-ray due to upper airway narrowing.
Measles (Rubeola) Virus
-
Presentation
- Initial symptoms include prodromal fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and Koplik spots; followed by a maculopapular rash spreading downwards.
-
Characteristics
- Exhibits giant cells (fused lymphocytes) in paracortical hyperplasia context.
-
Possible Sequelae
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) leading to severe neurological decline years later.
- Encephalitis (1:1000 occurrence) occurring shortly after the rash.
- Giant cell pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals.
-
Treatment
- Vitamin A supplementation can lower morbidity and mortality rates associated with measles, especially in malnourished children.
Mumps Virus
-
Current Situation
- Rare due to the success of the MMR vaccine.
-
Presentation
- Symptoms include parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis, with potential sterility risks post-puberty.
Receptors Used by Viruses
-
Key Receptors
- CMV: Integrins (heparan sulfate)
- EBV: CD21
- HIV: CD4, CXCR4, CCR5
- Parvovirus B19: P antigen on RBCs
- Rabies: Nicotinic AChR
- Rhinovirus: ICAM-1
- SARS-CoV-2: ACE2
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Description
Test your knowledge on viral evolution, focusing on genetic shift and its implications for global outbreaks. Understand how segmented viruses can reassort to create new and dangerous strains. This quiz will cover key concepts and mechanisms involved in viral mutations and pandemics.
