Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
- It integrates DNA into the host genome
- It produces new molecules of viral genome
- It synthesizes mRNAs that will be used for translation (correct)
- It synthesizes DNA molecules from an RNA template
Which of the following riboviruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Which of the following riboviruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
- Influenza viruses
- Reoviruses and Rotaviruses (correct)
- Coronaviruses
- HIV
How do retroviruses replicate?
How do retroviruses replicate?
- By synthesizing mRNAs for translation
- By integrating DNA into the host genome
- By synthesizing new molecules of viral genome from (+) RNAs
- By using reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from an RNA template (correct)
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the pericapsid composed of?
What is the pericapsid composed of?
What is the function of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the function of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What are the enzymatic damages that nucleic acids are protected from by viral capsids?
What are the enzymatic damages that nucleic acids are protected from by viral capsids?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
What is the role of RNA polymerase in the replication of (+) sense RNA viruses?
What is the role of RNA polymerase in the replication of (+) sense RNA viruses?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (-) sense RNA genome?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (-) sense RNA genome?
What is the main reason for the high degree of genetic variability in HCV?
What is the main reason for the high degree of genetic variability in HCV?
Which HCV genotype is the most frequent worldwide and in Europe?
Which HCV genotype is the most frequent worldwide and in Europe?
What is the significance of HCV genotype 1b?
What is the significance of HCV genotype 1b?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Which HIV gene is the most prone to variation?
Which HIV gene is the most prone to variation?
What is the unique replication strategy used by HBV?
What is the unique replication strategy used by HBV?
What is the rate of mutations introduced by the reverse transcriptase of HBV?
What is the rate of mutations introduced by the reverse transcriptase of HBV?
Which type of HIV inhibitors target the attachment step of HIV replication?
Which type of HIV inhibitors target the attachment step of HIV replication?
What is antigenic drift?
What is antigenic drift?
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
What is the mutation rate of DNA viruses?
What is the mutation rate of DNA viruses?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is viral tropism?
What is viral tropism?
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
What is the role of M2 protein in influenza virus?
What is the role of M2 protein in influenza virus?
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
Which route of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which route of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
What is a key factor for the establishment of infection after successful entry of the virus?
What is a key factor for the establishment of infection after successful entry of the virus?
Which type of transmission interests adults only?
Which type of transmission interests adults only?
What is the mechanism by which viruses can migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
What is the mechanism by which viruses can migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
What is the incubation period?
What is the incubation period?
What is viral elimination?
What is viral elimination?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is a latent infection?
What is a latent infection?
What is the purpose of the extensive overlapping of HBV open reading frames?
What is the purpose of the extensive overlapping of HBV open reading frames?
What is the effect of a mutation that has little effect on one viral protein but affects an overlapping gene?
What is the effect of a mutation that has little effect on one viral protein but affects an overlapping gene?
What is the consequence of the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations M204V+L180M+V173L in RT?
What is the consequence of the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations M204V+L180M+V173L in RT?
What is the effect of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
What is the effect of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What are the main routes of viral penetration into the host?
What are the main routes of viral penetration into the host?
What are some important events in the viral pathogenesis?
What are some important events in the viral pathogenesis?
What determines the virulence of a virus?
What determines the virulence of a virus?
What is the potential source of infection from blood transfusions?
What is the potential source of infection from blood transfusions?
What is the most common route of viral penetration?
What is the most common route of viral penetration?
Which type of viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which type of viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
What happens during a relapse of a virus?
What happens during a relapse of a virus?
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates?
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates?
What is characteristic of chronic infections?
What is characteristic of chronic infections?
What is the replicative strategy of Poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of Poxviruses?
Which DNA virus uses a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to synthesize its genome?
Which DNA virus uses a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to synthesize its genome?
What is the main difference between the replicative strategies of Papovaviruses and Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses?
What is the main difference between the replicative strategies of Papovaviruses and Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of Parvoviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of Parvoviruses?
What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HBV replication?
What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HBV replication?
What is the significance of antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
What is the significance of antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
What is viral recombination?
What is viral recombination?
Which type of viruses have high frequency of recombination?
Which type of viruses have high frequency of recombination?
How does influenza virus undergo antigenic shift?
How does influenza virus undergo antigenic shift?
What is the difference between genetic and non-genetic interactions in influenza virus?
What is the difference between genetic and non-genetic interactions in influenza virus?
What is the most common route of viral dissemination?
What is the most common route of viral dissemination?
Which route of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which route of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which type of transmission interests adults only?
Which type of transmission interests adults only?
Which type of transmission is subject to environmental and seasonal influences?
Which type of transmission is subject to environmental and seasonal influences?
What is the process by which a viral infection causes a disease called?
What is the process by which a viral infection causes a disease called?
What can a mutation in an overlapping gene of HBV potentially cause?
What can a mutation in an overlapping gene of HBV potentially cause?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the most effective way to control viruses with high propensity to variability?
What is the most effective way to control viruses with high propensity to variability?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Which type of virus has a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Which type of virus has a segmented double-stranded RNA?
What is the unique replication strategy used by retroviruses?
What is the unique replication strategy used by retroviruses?
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the genome size of HIV?
What is the genome size of HIV?
What is the replication enzyme used by HBV?
What is the replication enzyme used by HBV?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
What is the replication rate of HBV RT?
What is the replication rate of HBV RT?
What is the error rate of the reverse transcriptase enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the error rate of the reverse transcriptase enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the most prevalent HCV genotype in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
What is the most prevalent HCV genotype in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
What is the concept of quasispecies in HCV?
What is the concept of quasispecies in HCV?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
What is the effect of genotype 3 of HCV on intracellular lipid accumulation?
What is the effect of genotype 3 of HCV on intracellular lipid accumulation?
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
Which route of viral penetration is less common but still frequent?
Which route of viral penetration is less common but still frequent?
What are the important events in the viral pathogenesis?
What are the important events in the viral pathogenesis?
Which type of transmission occurs from mother to child through perinatal transfer or breast-feeding?
Which type of transmission occurs from mother to child through perinatal transfer or breast-feeding?
What is a potential source of infection through blood products?
What is a potential source of infection through blood products?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (-) sense RNA genome?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (-) sense RNA genome?
Which group of viruses includes the Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae?
Which group of viruses includes the Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae?
What is the incubation period in viral infections?
What is the incubation period in viral infections?
Which of the following is a possible modality of viral elimination?
Which of the following is a possible modality of viral elimination?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is latent infection?
What is latent infection?
Which route of viral dissemination involves the lymphatic drainage of virions and their release into the circulation?
Which route of viral dissemination involves the lymphatic drainage of virions and their release into the circulation?
What is a common characteristic of chronic viral infections?
What is a common characteristic of chronic viral infections?
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
What is a relapse in a viral infection?
What is a relapse in a viral infection?
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates?
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates?
What is the survival time of the host in chronic infections?
What is the survival time of the host in chronic infections?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the pericapsid composed of?
What is the pericapsid composed of?
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the function of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
What is the function of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
What is the consequence of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
What is the consequence of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
What is antigenic drift?
What is antigenic drift?
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
Which viruses are a classic example of viruses subjected to antigenic drift?
Which viruses are a classic example of viruses subjected to antigenic drift?
What is viral tropism?
What is viral tropism?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
What is the significance of the M2 protein in influenza virus?
What is the significance of the M2 protein in influenza virus?
What is the difference between acute and persistent viral infections?
What is the difference between acute and persistent viral infections?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
What is viral recombination?
What is viral recombination?
What is the difference between viral recombination and viral recombination between virus and host cell?
What is the difference between viral recombination and viral recombination between virus and host cell?
What is the replication strategy of retroviruses?
What is the replication strategy of retroviruses?
What is the frequency of recombination in viruses?
What is the frequency of recombination in viruses?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the pericapsid composed of?
What is the pericapsid composed of?
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the significance of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
What is the significance of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
What is the major antigen of naked viruses?
What is the major antigen of naked viruses?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
Which route of transmission is poorly influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which route of transmission is poorly influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which type of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which type of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which individuals are at risk for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, and organ transplantation?
Which individuals are at risk for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, and organ transplantation?
Which route of transmission is less common, but frequently interests adults?
Which route of transmission is less common, but frequently interests adults?
What is antigenic drift?
What is antigenic drift?
Which type of viruses have a relatively low mutation rate?
Which type of viruses have a relatively low mutation rate?
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus worldwide and in Europe?
What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus worldwide and in Europe?
What is the most efficient genotype in driving steatosis?
What is the most efficient genotype in driving steatosis?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy in HCV?
What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy in HCV?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Which type of RNA viruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Which type of RNA viruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
What is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template in retroviruses?
What is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template in retroviruses?
What is the term used to indicate the presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual?
What is the term used to indicate the presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual?
What is the function of integrase in retroviruses?
What is the function of integrase in retroviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for parvoviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for parvoviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for HBV?
What is the replicative strategy for HBV?
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
Which route of viral penetration is very common?
Which route of viral penetration is very common?
What determines virulence for each type of virus?
What determines virulence for each type of virus?
Which type of transmission can occur through breast-feeding?
Which type of transmission can occur through breast-feeding?
Which type of viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Which type of viruses are examples of chronic infections?
What is the purpose of the unique genome organization of HBV?
What is the purpose of the unique genome organization of HBV?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the characteristic of viruses with high propensity to variability?
What is the characteristic of viruses with high propensity to variability?
What is the role of lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV?
What is the role of lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the function of M2 protein in influenza virus?
What is the function of M2 protein in influenza virus?
What is viral tropism?
What is viral tropism?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the difference between productive and abortive viral infections?
What is the difference between productive and abortive viral infections?
What is the main difference between a relapse and a chronic infection?
What is the main difference between a relapse and a chronic infection?
Which of the following viruses is suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which of the following viruses is suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Which viruses can have forms of latency?
Which viruses can have forms of latency?
What is the main characteristic of chronic infections?
What is the main characteristic of chronic infections?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses with a partially double-stranded genome?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses with a partially double-stranded genome?
What is the replicative strategy for Poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for Poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for Parvoviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for Parvoviruses?
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses with a replicative strategy for the synthesis of mRNAs have?
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses with a replicative strategy for the synthesis of mRNAs have?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
What is viral recombination?
What is viral recombination?
What is the characteristic of RNA viruses in terms of recombination?
What is the characteristic of RNA viruses in terms of recombination?
What is the replication property of influenza virus type A that makes it prone to antigenic shift?
What is the replication property of influenza virus type A that makes it prone to antigenic shift?
What is the frequency of recombination in viruses with a replicative enzyme that allows the exchange of the template strand?
What is the frequency of recombination in viruses with a replicative enzyme that allows the exchange of the template strand?
What is the incubation period?
What is the incubation period?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
What is latent infection?
What is latent infection?
What is the genome size of HIV?
What is the genome size of HIV?
What is the Immediate Precursor of HIV-1?
What is the Immediate Precursor of HIV-1?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
What is the replication strategy used by HBV?
What is the replication strategy used by HBV?
What is the mutation rate of HBV genome introduced by its Reverse Transcriptase?
What is the mutation rate of HBV genome introduced by its Reverse Transcriptase?
How does the genome size of HBV compare to other animal DNA viruses?
How does the genome size of HBV compare to other animal DNA viruses?
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of DNA polymerase?
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of DNA polymerase?
Which group of RNA viruses includes Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Coronaviridae?
Which group of RNA viruses includes Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Coronaviridae?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication of (+) RNA viruses?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication of (+) RNA viruses?
Which type of RNA viruses translates only the 5' portion of viral genome?
Which type of RNA viruses translates only the 5' portion of viral genome?
What is the characteristic of single-stranded RNA with negative polarity?
What is the characteristic of single-stranded RNA with negative polarity?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the pericapsid composed of in some families of viruses?
What is the pericapsid composed of in some families of viruses?
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the effect of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
What is the effect of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
What is the function of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
What is the function of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
What is the process by which a viral infection causes a disease called?
What is the process by which a viral infection causes a disease called?
What is the unique genome organization of HBV that allows it to contain all the information necessary for its life cycle?
What is the unique genome organization of HBV that allows it to contain all the information necessary for its life cycle?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the replicative strategy of retroviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of retroviruses?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
What is the estimated number of described HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms?
What is the estimated number of described HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms?
What is the unique feature of HBV replication?
What is the unique feature of HBV replication?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
What is the ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
What is the sensitivity of certain viruses to organic disinfectants due to?
What is the sensitivity of certain viruses to organic disinfectants due to?
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
What is the form of persistent infection in which the virus is not detectable except in cases of reinfection?
What is the form of persistent infection in which the virus is not detectable except in cases of reinfection?
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
Which of the following is a potential source of infection for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV?
Which of the following is a potential source of infection for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV?
What determines the modality of transmission and the epidemiological characteristics of a viral infection?
What determines the modality of transmission and the epidemiological characteristics of a viral infection?
What creates a new entity, the infected cell, during virus-cell interaction?
What creates a new entity, the infected cell, during virus-cell interaction?
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
What is the term used to describe when a virus begins a new cycle of productive replication after a period of latency?
What is the term used to describe when a virus begins a new cycle of productive replication after a period of latency?
Which type of viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which type of viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
What is the characteristic of chronic infections?
What is the characteristic of chronic infections?
Which of the following viruses is NOT an example of chronic infections?
Which of the following viruses is NOT an example of chronic infections?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
What is the least common route of transmission for viruses?
What is the least common route of transmission for viruses?
What is the mechanism by which viruses can migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
What is the mechanism by which viruses can migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
What is the characteristic of localized infections?
What is the characteristic of localized infections?
What is the most common type of transmission through which viruses can be subject to environmental and seasonal influences?
What is the most common type of transmission through which viruses can be subject to environmental and seasonal influences?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with (+) sense RNA genomes?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with (+) sense RNA genomes?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in the replication of (+) sense RNA viruses?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in the replication of (+) sense RNA viruses?
Which type of RNA virus is unable to serve as mRNA?
Which type of RNA virus is unable to serve as mRNA?
What is the difference in translation between Picornaviridae and Togaviridae, coronaviruses and caliciviruses?
What is the difference in translation between Picornaviridae and Togaviridae, coronaviruses and caliciviruses?
What is antigenic drift?
What is antigenic drift?
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
Which viral replicative enzyme is probably the most error-prone?
Which viral replicative enzyme is probably the most error-prone?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the replicative strategy of Retroviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of Retroviruses?
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the replicative strategy of Reoviruses and Rotaviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of Reoviruses and Rotaviruses?
What is the role of integrase in Retroviral replication?
What is the role of integrase in Retroviral replication?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
What is the cause of antigenic shift in influenza virus?
What is the cause of antigenic shift in influenza virus?
What is viral recombination?
What is viral recombination?
What is the mechanism of viral recombination in RNA viruses?
What is the mechanism of viral recombination in RNA viruses?
Which virus has a high frequency of recombination?
Which virus has a high frequency of recombination?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is pericapsid?
What is pericapsid?
What is the function of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the function of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
What is the role of viral glycoproteins in pericapsid?
What is the role of viral glycoproteins in pericapsid?
What is the major antigen of the virus in naked viruses?
What is the major antigen of the virus in naked viruses?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
What is the ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
Which enzyme is associated with the virion in RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
Which enzyme is associated with the virion in RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
What is the term used to describe when a virus enters the target cell but the life cycle cannot be completed?
What is the term used to describe when a virus enters the target cell but the life cycle cannot be completed?
Which protein present in the influenza virus envelope acts as an ion channel and causes the acidification of endocytic vesicles containing the virus?
Which protein present in the influenza virus envelope acts as an ion channel and causes the acidification of endocytic vesicles containing the virus?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
What is latent infection?
What is latent infection?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 1st group?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 1st group?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 2nd group?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 2nd group?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 3rd group?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 3rd group?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 4th group?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 4th group?
What is the difference in the number of steps for viral gene expression between Papovaviruses and Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses?
What is the difference in the number of steps for viral gene expression between Papovaviruses and Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses?
What type of polymerase do DNA viruses require to replicate their genome?
What type of polymerase do DNA viruses require to replicate their genome?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses with a partially double-stranded genome?
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses with a partially double-stranded genome?
What is the replicative strategy for poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy for poxviruses?
What is the process for viral gene expression in Parvoviruses?
What is the process for viral gene expression in Parvoviruses?
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses follow for the synthesis of mRNAs?
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses follow for the synthesis of mRNAs?
What is the role of RNA polymerase II in the replication of Herpesviruses, Adenoviruses, and Papovaviruses?
What is the role of RNA polymerase II in the replication of Herpesviruses, Adenoviruses, and Papovaviruses?
What is the most common genotype of Hepatitis C virus in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
What is the most common genotype of Hepatitis C virus in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
What is the most efficient genotype of Hepatitis C virus in driving steatosis?
What is the most efficient genotype of Hepatitis C virus in driving steatosis?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the mechanism responsible for the genetic variability of HCV?
What is the mechanism responsible for the genetic variability of HCV?
What is the Immediate Precursor of HIV-1?
What is the Immediate Precursor of HIV-1?
How many HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms have been described?
How many HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms have been described?
Which HIV-1 mutations make these viruses resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which HIV-1 mutations make these viruses resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
What is the replication strategy of HBV?
What is the replication strategy of HBV?
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
What is the most common route of viral penetration?
What is the most common route of viral penetration?
Which viruses can be transmitted through maternal-fetal transmission?
Which viruses can be transmitted through maternal-fetal transmission?
What determines the modality of transmission and epidemiological characteristics of viral infection?
What determines the modality of transmission and epidemiological characteristics of viral infection?
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses in the body?
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses in the body?
Which route of viral penetration is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which route of viral penetration is influenced by social and economic conditions?
What is the least common route of viral transmission?
What is the least common route of viral transmission?
What type of individuals are particularly at risk for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, organ transplantation?
What type of individuals are particularly at risk for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, organ transplantation?
What is a potential source of infection for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, organ transplantation?
What is a potential source of infection for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, organ transplantation?
What is antigenic drift?
What is antigenic drift?
Which virus has the most error-prone replicative enzyme?
Which virus has the most error-prone replicative enzyme?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
Which type of virus is generally more genetically stable, DNA or RNA viruses?
Which type of virus is generally more genetically stable, DNA or RNA viruses?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
What is the purpose of the unique genomic organization of HBV?
What is the purpose of the unique genomic organization of HBV?
What can be the consequences of a mutation in an overlapping gene in HBV?
What can be the consequences of a mutation in an overlapping gene in HBV?
What is the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations that correspond to reduced binding affinity with neutralizing antibodies?
What is the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations that correspond to reduced binding affinity with neutralizing antibodies?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
What is the pathogenesis of a viral infection?
What is the pathogenesis of a viral infection?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Which type of riboviruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Which type of riboviruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the role of integrase in retroviruses?
What is the role of integrase in retroviruses?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
Which type of viruses are prone to antigenic shift due to the segmented nature of their genome?
Which type of viruses are prone to antigenic shift due to the segmented nature of their genome?
What is viral recombination?
What is viral recombination?
What is the frequency of recombination in retroviruses?
What is the frequency of recombination in retroviruses?
How does viral recombination occur in RNA viruses?
How does viral recombination occur in RNA viruses?
What is the main reason for HCV's genetic variability?
What is the main reason for HCV's genetic variability?
What is the most frequent HCV genotype worldwide and in Europe?
What is the most frequent HCV genotype worldwide and in Europe?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
What is the consequence of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
What is the consequence of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
What is a latent infection?
What is a latent infection?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is distant spread in viral infections?
What is the main difference between a relapse and a chronic infection?
What is the main difference between a relapse and a chronic infection?
Which viruses are a classic example of viruses subjected to antigenic drift?
Which viruses are a classic example of viruses subjected to antigenic drift?
What is the difference between a relapse and a phase of latency?
What is the difference between a relapse and a phase of latency?
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
What are chronic infections characterized by?
What are chronic infections characterized by?
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of DNA polymerase?
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of DNA polymerase?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme in viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme in viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
What is the difference in translation between Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae, Togaviridae, and Coronaviridae?
What is the difference in translation between Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae, Togaviridae, and Coronaviridae?
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of the type of cells they can infect?
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of the type of cells they can infect?
What is the unique replication strategy of HBV?
What is the unique replication strategy of HBV?
What is the most variable virus type?
What is the most variable virus type?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Which mutation of HIV-1 RT makes the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Which mutation of HIV-1 RT makes the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
What is the ability of a virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
What is the ability of a virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
What is the consequence of the presence of pericapsid in certain viruses?
What is the consequence of the presence of pericapsid in certain viruses?
What is the main characteristic of an abortive infection?
What is the main characteristic of an abortive infection?
What is the route of dissemination for most viruses?
What is the route of dissemination for most viruses?
Which type of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Which type of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
What is the less common but frequently used route of transmission?
What is the less common but frequently used route of transmission?
What is the mechanism by which some viruses migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
What is the mechanism by which some viruses migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
What is the characteristic of viruses entering through the skin?
What is the characteristic of viruses entering through the skin?
What is the characteristic of chronic infections caused by viruses?
What is the characteristic of chronic infections caused by viruses?
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates and can experience relapse?
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates and can experience relapse?
What is the outcome of a phase of latency in a virus cycle?
What is the outcome of a phase of latency in a virus cycle?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
What is the double result of the balance between virus spread and host survival in viral pathogenesis?
What is the double result of the balance between virus spread and host survival in viral pathogenesis?
Which of the following is a potential source of infection for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV?
Which of the following is a potential source of infection for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV?
What determines the modality of transmission and the epidemiological characteristics of viral infection?
What determines the modality of transmission and the epidemiological characteristics of viral infection?
Which of the following is a less common but frequent route of viral penetration?
Which of the following is a less common but frequent route of viral penetration?
What is the most effective way to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child during perinatal transfer?
What is the most effective way to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child during perinatal transfer?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
What is the main reason for the high degree of genetic variability in HCV?
What is the main reason for the high degree of genetic variability in HCV?
What is the segmented nature of the influenza virus genome responsible for?
What is the segmented nature of the influenza virus genome responsible for?
What is the most common HCV genotype in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
What is the most common HCV genotype in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
What is viral recombination?
What is viral recombination?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
What is the replicative enzyme responsible for recombination in RNA viruses?
What is the replicative enzyme responsible for recombination in RNA viruses?
What is the error rate of the RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the error rate of the RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
Which type of viruses have a high frequency of recombination between different subtypes?
Which type of viruses have a high frequency of recombination between different subtypes?
What is the replicative capacity of HCV genotype 3 in driving steatosis compared to other genotypes?
What is the replicative capacity of HCV genotype 3 in driving steatosis compared to other genotypes?
What is the purpose of the genomic RNA in riboviruses with diploid genome?
What is the purpose of the genomic RNA in riboviruses with diploid genome?
What is the meaning of the term quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the meaning of the term quasi-species in viral genetics?
What is the function of integrase in retroviruses?
What is the function of integrase in retroviruses?
What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
What is antigenic drift?
What is antigenic drift?
Which viruses have a high frequency of spontaneous mutations?
Which viruses have a high frequency of spontaneous mutations?
What is the consequence of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the consequence of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
Which viruses can spread through the nervous route?
Which viruses can spread through the nervous route?
What is the difference between superficial and systemic infections?
What is the difference between superficial and systemic infections?
What is the difference between latent and acute infections?
What is the difference between latent and acute infections?
What is the replicative strategy of poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of poxviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of parvoviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of parvoviruses?
What is the replicative strategy of HBV?
What is the replicative strategy of HBV?
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses follow for the synthesis of mRNAs?
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses follow for the synthesis of mRNAs?
Which enzyme is required for the replication of HBV genome?
Which enzyme is required for the replication of HBV genome?
What is the replication strategy for Parvovirus and Papovavirus?
What is the replication strategy for Parvovirus and Papovavirus?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
What is the replication strategy for RNA viruses with a positive polarity?
What is the replication strategy for RNA viruses with a positive polarity?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in RNA virus replication?
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in RNA virus replication?
What is the genome polarity of riboviruses with negative RNA genome?
What is the genome polarity of riboviruses with negative RNA genome?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
What is the role of viral variability in the efficacy of immunity against viruses?
What is the role of viral variability in the efficacy of immunity against viruses?
What is the consequence of a mutation that has little effect on one viral protein but severe consequences on an overlapping gene in HBV?
What is the consequence of a mutation that has little effect on one viral protein but severe consequences on an overlapping gene in HBV?
What is the form of viral infection in which the virus is not detectable except in cases of reinfection?
What is the form of viral infection in which the virus is not detectable except in cases of reinfection?
What is the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV that strongly reduce the binding affinity with neutralizing antibodies including those induced by the vaccine?
What is the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV that strongly reduce the binding affinity with neutralizing antibodies including those induced by the vaccine?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the main function of viral capsids?
What is the pericapsid?
What is the pericapsid?
What is the role of naked virus capsid proteins?
What is the role of naked virus capsid proteins?
What is the significance of viral glycoproteins in pericapsid?
What is the significance of viral glycoproteins in pericapsid?
What is the purpose of viral genome packaging?
What is the purpose of viral genome packaging?
Study Notes
RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase and Viral Replication
- Synthesizes RNA from an RNA template, essential for viruses with RNA genomes.
- Critical for the replication of RNA viruses, facilitating the generation of viral genomes and mRNA.
Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses
- Example includes the Reoviruses, which have segmented RNA genomes that allow reassortment during co-infection.
Retrovirus Replication
- Retroviruses use reverse transcription to convert RNA into DNA, integrating it into the host genome for replication.
- Utilize host cellular machinery for viral protein synthesis and assembly.
Quasi-species Concept
- Refers to the population of closely related viral genomes that exhibit genetic diversity, resulting from replication errors.
- Important for understanding viral evolution and response to treatment.
Viral Capsids and Their Functions
- Protect viral nucleic acids from enzymatic damage and environmental factors.
- Facilitate attachment to host cells and entry into the host.
Composition of Pericapsid
- Comprised of lipid membranes or additional protein layers, providing an extra protective barrier for some viruses.
Capsid Proteins in Naked Viruses
- Essential for maintaining virus structure, protecting the genome, and facilitating attachment and entry into host cells.
Enzymatic Protection Offered by Viral Capsids
- Shield nucleic acids from DNases and RNases, maintaining viral integrity.
(+) Sense RNA Genome Replication Strategy
- Functions directly as mRNA, immediately translated by host ribosomes to produce viral proteins.
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary RNA strand for viral genome replication.
Parvovirus Cell Replication
- Exclusively replicates in dividing cells, requiring the host's cellular machinery for nucleic acid synthesis.
RNA Polymerase in (+) Sense RNA Viruses
- Synthesizes a complementary (-) RNA strand, serving as a template for new (+) RNA genomes.
(-) Sense RNA Genome Replication Strategy
- Requires conversion to (+) RNA before translation, with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase needed for this process.
HCV Genetic Variability
- High mutation rate due to error-prone replication, creating numerous viral variants which complicate treatment.
HCV Genotype Prevalence
- Genotype 1 is the most frequently occurring globally and in Europe, particularly subtype 1b which has significant clinical implications.
HIV Reverse Transcriptase Error Rate
- High error rate contributes to genetic diversity, with around 20% of isolates showing recombinant characteristics.
Most Prone HIV Gene Variation
- The env gene exhibits the highest mutation rates, affecting the virus’s structure and immune recognition.
HBV Unique Replication Strategy
- Utilizes reverse transcription to replicate its genome, utilizing a small RNA intermediate.
HIV Inhibitors Targeting Attachment
- Entry inhibitors that block the binding of the virus to host cells during infection.
Antigenic Drift and Shift
- Drift: Minor changes in viral antigens due to mutations; shift: major changes, often through reassortment of segmented genomes.
Viral Replicative Enzymes and Mutation Rates
- RNA viruses generally have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses, impacting their variability and adaptability.
Viral Pathogenesis Events
- Key events include attachment, penetration, replication, release of progeny, and host damage.
Transmission Routes Influenced by Socioeconomic Conditions
- Modes such as sexual and blood-borne transmission can vary based on these factors.
Viral Incubation Period
- The time between virus entry into the host and the onset of symptoms can vary widely among different viruses.
Latent Infections
- Characterized by periods of inactivity, viruses may reactivate under favorable conditions.
Poxvirus Replicative Strategy
- Replicate entirely in the cytoplasm, unlike most DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus.
HBV Replication and Reverse Transcriptase
- Utilizes a reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert RNA to DNA during replication.
Importance of Viral Evolution
- Facilitates adaptation to host immune responses and enhances survival, complicating vaccine and antiviral development.
Routes of Viral Penetration
- Commonly include respiratory, oral-fecal, and sexual transmission pathways.
Chronic Infections Examples
- Viruses like HIV and Hepatitis B can establish persistent infections, often leading to long-term health issues.
Relapse During Viral Infections
- Re-emergence of viral activity, can occur after periods of inactivity, particularly in chronic infections.
Modulation of Viral Entry and Spread
- Viruses can utilize various mechanisms to enhance host accessibility, impacting pathogenesis and transmission dynamics.
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Description
Test your knowledge on viral evolution and genetic modification in this quiz. Explore the mechanisms behind point mutations, deletions, insertions, and reassortment, and their impact on viral diversity and drug resistance. Keywords: viral evolution, genetic modification, mutations, drug resistance.
