Questions and Answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
It synthesizes mRNAs that will be used for translation
Which of the following riboviruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Reoviruses and Rotaviruses
How do retroviruses replicate?
By using reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from an RNA template
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of viral capsids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pericapsid composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the enzymatic damages that nucleic acids are protected from by viral capsids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of RNA polymerase in the replication of (+) sense RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (-) sense RNA genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason for the high degree of genetic variability in HCV?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HCV genotype is the most frequent worldwide and in Europe?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of HCV genotype 1b?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV gene is the most prone to variation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unique replication strategy used by HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the rate of mutations introduced by the reverse transcriptase of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of HIV inhibitors target the attachment step of HIV replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mutation rate of DNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral tropism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of M2 protein in influenza virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key factor for the establishment of infection after successful entry of the virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transmission interests adults only?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism by which viruses can migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the incubation period?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral elimination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is distant spread in viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a latent infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the extensive overlapping of HBV open reading frames?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of a mutation that has little effect on one viral protein but affects an overlapping gene?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations M204V+L180M+V173L in RT?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the main routes of viral penetration into the host?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some important events in the viral pathogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the virulence of a virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the potential source of infection from blood transfusions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of viral penetration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens during a relapse of a virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is characteristic of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of Poxviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which DNA virus uses a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to synthesize its genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between the replicative strategies of Papovaviruses and Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of Parvoviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HBV replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses have high frequency of recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
How does influenza virus undergo antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between genetic and non-genetic interactions in influenza virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of viral dissemination?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transmission interests adults only?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transmission is subject to environmental and seasonal influences?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which a viral infection causes a disease called?
Signup and view all the answers
What can a mutation in an overlapping gene of HBV potentially cause?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most effective way to control viruses with high propensity to variability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of virus has a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unique replication strategy used by retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genome size of HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication enzyme used by HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication rate of HBV RT?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the error rate of the reverse transcriptase enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most prevalent HCV genotype in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept of quasispecies in HCV?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of genotype 3 of HCV on intracellular lipid accumulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of viral penetration is less common but still frequent?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the important events in the viral pathogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transmission occurs from mother to child through perinatal transfer or breast-feeding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential source of infection through blood products?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (-) sense RNA genome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group of viruses includes the Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the incubation period in viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a possible modality of viral elimination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is distant spread in viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is latent infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of viral dissemination involves the lymphatic drainage of virions and their release into the circulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common characteristic of chronic viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a relapse in a viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the survival time of the host in chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of viral capsids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pericapsid composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are a classic example of viruses subjected to antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral tropism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the M2 protein in influenza virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between acute and persistent viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between viral recombination and viral recombination between virus and host cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the frequency of recombination in viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of viral capsids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pericapsid composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major antigen of naked viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of transmission is poorly influenced by social and economic conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which individuals are at risk for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, and organ transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of transmission is less common, but frequently interests adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses have a relatively low mutation rate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus worldwide and in Europe?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most efficient genotype in driving steatosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy in HCV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of RNA viruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template in retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used to indicate the presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of integrase in retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for poxviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for parvoviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of viral penetration is very common?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines virulence for each type of virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transmission can occur through breast-feeding?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the unique genome organization of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of viruses with high propensity to variability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of M2 protein in influenza virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral tropism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between productive and abortive viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between a relapse and a chronic infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses is suspected to have some forms of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses can have forms of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses with a partially double-stranded genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for Poxviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for Parvoviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses with a replicative strategy for the synthesis of mRNAs have?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of RNA viruses in terms of recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication property of influenza virus type A that makes it prone to antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the frequency of recombination in viruses with a replicative enzyme that allows the exchange of the template strand?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the incubation period?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is latent infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genome size of HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Immediate Precursor of HIV-1?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy used by HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mutation rate of HBV genome introduced by its Reverse Transcriptase?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the genome size of HBV compare to other animal DNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of DNA polymerase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group of RNA viruses includes Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Coronaviridae?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication of (+) RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of RNA viruses translates only the 5' portion of viral genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of single-stranded RNA with negative polarity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of viral capsids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pericapsid composed of in some families of viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of viral glycoproteins in the pericapsid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which a viral infection causes a disease called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unique genome organization of HBV that allows it to contain all the information necessary for its life cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated number of described HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unique feature of HBV replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the sensitivity of certain viruses to organic disinfectants due to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between productive and abortive infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the form of persistent infection in which the virus is not detectable except in cases of reinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential source of infection for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the modality of transmission and the epidemiological characteristics of a viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What creates a new entity, the infected cell, during virus-cell interaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used to describe when a virus begins a new cycle of productive replication after a period of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following viruses is NOT an example of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the least common route of transmission for viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism by which viruses can migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of localized infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common type of transmission through which viruses can be subject to environmental and seasonal influences?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of viruses with (+) sense RNA genomes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in the replication of (+) sense RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of RNA virus is unable to serve as mRNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference in translation between Picornaviridae and Togaviridae, coronaviruses and caliciviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viral replicative enzyme is probably the most error-prone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of Retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of Reoviruses and Rotaviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of integrase in Retroviral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the cause of antigenic shift in influenza virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of viral recombination in RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus has a high frequency of recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of viral capsids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is pericapsid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of capsid proteins in naked viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of viral glycoproteins in pericapsid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major antigen of the virus in naked viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme is associated with the virion in RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used to describe when a virus enters the target cell but the life cycle cannot be completed?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein present in the influenza virus envelope acts as an ion channel and causes the acidification of endocytic vesicles containing the virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
Signup and view all the answers
What is latent infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is distant spread in viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 1st group?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 2nd group?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 3rd group?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 4th group?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference in the number of steps for viral gene expression between Papovaviruses and Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of polymerase do DNA viruses require to replicate their genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses with a partially double-stranded genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy for poxviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process for viral gene expression in Parvoviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses follow for the synthesis of mRNAs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of RNA polymerase II in the replication of Herpesviruses, Adenoviruses, and Papovaviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common genotype of Hepatitis C virus in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most efficient genotype of Hepatitis C virus in driving steatosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism responsible for the genetic variability of HCV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Immediate Precursor of HIV-1?
Signup and view all the answers
How many HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms have been described?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV-1 mutations make these viruses resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the important events in viral pathogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of viral penetration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses can be transmitted through maternal-fetal transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the modality of transmission and epidemiological characteristics of viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the double result of the spread of the virus and host survival?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common route of dissemination for viruses in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of viral penetration is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the least common route of viral transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of individuals are particularly at risk for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, organ transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential source of infection for transmission through medical or surgical instruments, blood transfusions and blood products, organ transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus has the most error-prone replicative enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of virus is generally more genetically stable, DNA or RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the unique genomic organization of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be the consequences of a mutation in an overlapping gene in HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations that correspond to reduced binding affinity with neutralizing antibodies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the practical implication of viral evolution?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pathogenesis of a viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of riboviruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the concept of quasi-species in viral genetics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of integrase in retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift in influenza viruses type A?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses are prone to antigenic shift due to the segmented nature of their genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the frequency of recombination in retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
How does viral recombination occur in RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason for HCV's genetic variability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most frequent HCV genotype worldwide and in Europe?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of UV radiation on nucleic acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses can diffuse through the nervous route?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a latent infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is distant spread in viral infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between a relapse and a chronic infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are a classic example of viruses subjected to antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between a relapse and a phase of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
What are chronic infections characterized by?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of DNA polymerase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy of viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme in viruses with a (+) sense RNA genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference in translation between Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae, Togaviridae, and Coronaviridae?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between Parvovirus and Papovavirus in terms of the type of cells they can infect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unique replication strategy of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most variable virus type?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV genome region is the most prone to variation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mutation of HIV-1 RT makes the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated percentage of HIV isolates that represent recombinants between different subtypes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ability of a virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the enzyme associated with RNA viruses with a negative polarity (-)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the period between the penetration of virus into cells and the maturation of viral progeny called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of the presence of pericapsid in certain viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of an abortive infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the route of dissemination for most viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transmission is influenced by social and economic conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the less common but frequently used route of transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism by which some viruses migrate to find cells permissive for viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of viruses entering through the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of chronic infections caused by viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are suspected to have some forms of latency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses have DNA replication intermediates and can experience relapse?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome of a phase of latency in a virus cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses are examples of chronic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the double result of the balance between virus spread and host survival in viral pathogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential source of infection for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the modality of transmission and the epidemiological characteristics of viral infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a less common but frequent route of viral penetration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most effective way to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child during perinatal transfer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason for the high degree of genetic variability in HCV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the segmented nature of the influenza virus genome responsible for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common HCV genotype in chronically infected patients worldwide and in Europe?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viral recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HCV genotype is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative enzyme responsible for recombination in RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the error rate of the RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses have a high frequency of recombination between different subtypes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative capacity of HCV genotype 3 in driving steatosis compared to other genotypes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the genomic RNA in riboviruses with diploid genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the meaning of the term quasi-species in viral genetics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of integrase in retroviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic shift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of viruses are generally more genetically stable than RNA viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is antigenic drift?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses have a high frequency of spontaneous mutations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main modality of viral elimination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between incubation period and generation time?
Signup and view all the answers
Which viruses can spread through the nervous route?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between superficial and systemic infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between latent and acute infections?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of poxviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of parvoviruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replicative strategy of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses follow for the synthesis of mRNAs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme is required for the replication of HBV genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy for Parvovirus and Papovavirus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the replication strategy for RNA viruses with a positive polarity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of RNA dependent RNA polymerase in RNA virus replication?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the genome polarity of riboviruses with negative RNA genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of deletions and stop codons in the S antigen of HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of viral variability in the efficacy of immunity against viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of a mutation that has little effect on one viral protein but severe consequences on an overlapping gene in HBV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the form of viral infection in which the virus is not detectable except in cases of reinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pattern of lamivudine resistance mutations in HBV that strongly reduce the binding affinity with neutralizing antibodies including those induced by the vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of viral capsids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pericapsid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of naked virus capsid proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of viral glycoproteins in pericapsid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of viral genome packaging?
Signup and view all the answers
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.