lecture 24- immunology

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Which immune response is responsible for the rapid production of type 1 interferons following viral infection?

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

Antibodies

Innate immune response (correct)

Natural killer (NK) cells

What happens around day 5 of viral infection according to the text?

Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) reach a plateau (correct)

The innate immune response is activated

Antibody levels decrease

The initial exposure to the virus occurs

During the early innate immune response (Days 0-2), what is the role of natural killer (NK) cells?

Producing antibodies

Attacking infected cells (correct)

Slowing down viral replication

Releasing more viruses

When do virus-specific antibodies begin to be produced according to the text?

Days 5 and Beyond Signup and view all the answers

What do virus-specific CTLs continue to do as infected cells are targeted and destroyed?

Increase in activity and reach a plateau Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of type 1 interferons in the context of viral infections?

Induce an antiviral state in cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of antibodies after the virus has been eliminated from the body?

Provide a degree of long-term immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves the activation of innate immune responses via pattern recognition receptor activation?

Interferon production by infected cells Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies contribute to protection against viral infections?

Block binding of virus to its receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of type 1 interferons in combating viral infections?

Inducing antiviral state in cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of antibodies in limiting the spread of viruses?

Preventing viruses from attaching to host cells Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves antibodies marking virus-infected cells for destruction by immune cells?

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells use the same mechanisms for killing virus-infected cells?

Natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of antibodies in combating established viral infections within host cells?

Inability to neutralize viruses once inside host cells Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors play a key role in recognizing viral patterns during an infection?

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of type 1 interferons in the antiviral defense mechanism?

They communicate the presence of a viral infection to neighboring cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors detect unique patterns or structures associated with viruses in infected cells?

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IFNs in the cytokine-induced antiviral state?

Communicate the presence of a viral infection to neighboring cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the innate immune response against viral infections?

Producing antibodies to neutralize viral particles Signup and view all the answers

How do type 1 interferons affect adjacent uninfected cells in the context of a viral infection?

They bind to interferon receptors on these cells, inducing an antiviral state. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of type 1 interferons in limiting viral spread within the body?

Slowing down viral replication within host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of antibodies in the context of viral infections?

Neutralizing viral particles to prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response provides a more targeted and specific defense against pathogens after the initial innate immune response?

Antigen-specific immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of viral particles tagged by antibodies for destruction by immune cells like macrophages or neutrophils?

They undergo phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies primarily prevent the spread of viruses within the body?

By inhibiting viral entry into host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of spike proteins on the surface of a coronavirus?

Interact with ACE2 receptors on host cells Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive inflammation during a viral infection contribute to the severity of illness?

It leads to tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

In the context of viral infections, what triggers the body's inflammation response?

Direct damage to cells by the virus Signup and view all the answers

How does a coronavirus evade the host immune response during infection?

By mutating spike proteins to avoid detection Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical balance highlighted in the text related to viral infections and immune responses?

Balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses enter host cells?

By receptor-mediated endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of viruses utilizing host cell machinery for nucleic acid and protein synthesis?

To produce more viral particles Signup and view all the answers

Why are viruses considered obligatory intracellular microorganisms?

Because they cannot survive outside of host cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of virus-specific CTLs in infected individuals?

Recognize and kill infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which process do viruses use to escape into the cytosol once inside host cells?

Lysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step for viruses to infect host cells?

Binding to specific receptors on host cells Signup and view all the answers

Why do viruses induce tissue damage indirectly according to the text?

By triggering host inflammatory responses Signup and view all the answers

What role do host cell surface proteins play in the infection mechanism of viruses?

They act as receptors for viral entry Signup and view all the answers

Why are viruses commonly referred to as microorganisms or microbes despite being debatable as organisms?

Because they can only replicate within host cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes viruses from other microorganisms?

Their reliance on host cell machinery for replication Signup and view all the answers