Veterinary Virology Vaccination Strategies

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following techniques could be used to attenuate viruses for use in live-attenuated vaccines?

  • Serial passage in heterologous hosts (correct)
  • Deletion of nonessential genes that contribute to virulence (correct)
  • Expression of viral proteins in a suitable expression system
  • Use of lipid solvents to solubilize the virion

What is the primary mechanism by which live-attenuated vaccines induce a lasting immune response?

  • Induction of a strong humoral immune response through exposure to viral antigens
  • Mimicking natural infection, leading to a broader and more robust immune response (correct)
  • Stimulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that target viral proteins
  • Direct delivery of pre-formed antibodies to the host

What is the primary function of lipid solvents like sodium deoxycholate in the preparation of nonreplicating virus vaccines?

  • To inactivate the virus by disrupting the viral envelope (correct)
  • To enhance the immunogenicity of viral antigens
  • To facilitate the delivery of viral antigens to the host
  • To allow the replication of the virus in the host

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of recombinant DNA and related technologies used in vaccine development?

<p>Development of vaccines containing live, but attenuated, viruses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using avirulent viruses from heterologous species for the development of live-attenuated vaccines?

<p>They are naturally less pathogenic to the target species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of site-directed mutagenesis in the context of vaccine development?

<p>To introduce specific mutations that reduce viral virulence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using purified native viral proteins as vaccines?

<p>They are expensive to produce. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of subunit vaccines produced through expression of viral proteins?

<p>They are safer because they do not contain any replicating viral components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT used to attenuate viruses for live-attenuated vaccines?

<p>Expression of viral proteins in a suitable expression system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using recombinant VLPs (virus-like particles) as vaccines?

<p>To induce the production of antibodies against a specific viral antigen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques utilizes a bacterial plasmid to introduce a DNA sequence encoding an antigen into a host's cells?

<p>DNA vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is utilized to detect the presence of specific antibodies in serum, providing qualitative or quantitative determination of viral antibodies?

<p>Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using viruses as vectors for the expression of heterologous viral antigens?

<p>To deliver a specific viral antigen to a target cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques are used to determine if an animal has responded to a vaccination?

<p>Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA) (A), Purified native viral proteins (B), Recombinant VLPs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is serum the sample of choice for serological assays?

<p>Serum is easily obtained and contains a high concentration of antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)?

<p>It is a rapid and cost-effective technique for detecting the presence of antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell systems is NOT used in creating inactivated whole virion vaccines?

<p>Bacteria cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using chemical adjuvants in inactivated whole virion vaccines?

<p>To enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common method for inactivating viruses used in inactivated whole virion vaccines?

<p>Ethanol treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for inactivated whole virion vaccines to be made from virulent viruses?

<p>Virulent viruses produce more antigens, resulting in a stronger immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a significant advantage of inactivated whole virion vaccines over other vaccine types?

<p>They are considered remarkably safe due to the inactivation process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the serum neutralization assay?

<p>Measuring humoral immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay?

<p>It provides a qualitative yes/no answer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the immunoblotting process?

<p>Virus neutralization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the serum neutralization assay correlate with protective immunity?

<p>It directly correlates with protective antibody levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using immunoblotting over other serological tests?

<p>It can identify antibodies against several proteins of interest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Coggins test in veterinary virology?

<p>It specifically detects antibodies to Equine Infectious Anemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the blocking agent play in the immunoblotting process?

<p>It prevents non-specific binding of antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assays is widely used for the detection of hemagglutination?

<p>Hemagglutination-inhibition assay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inactivated (Killed) Whole Virions

Viruses that are killed through chemical or physical agents but retain immunogenicity.

Eukaryotic Expression Vectors

Vectors using plant, yeast, insect, or mammalian cells to express viral proteins.

Adjuvants

Substances formulated with antigens to enhance immune response.

Inactivating Agents

Chemical agents like formaldehyde that kill viruses without destroying their immunogenic properties.

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Virus-like Particles (VLPs)

Self-assembled viral proteins that mimic viruses but lack genetic material.

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Recombinant VLPs

Virus-like particles lacking viral nucleic acid, ensuring safety.

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Serum

Blood sample used to detect antibodies in serological assays.

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Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA)

A test to detect antibodies using enzyme-linked antigens.

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DNA vaccines

Vaccines that introduce DNA sequences encoding antigens into cells.

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Recombinant DNA techniques

Methods that insert foreign genes into viral genomes for expression.

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Antibody detection process

Serum is added to bound antigens; antibodies bind if present.

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Color reaction in ELISA

Visual or spectrophotometric assessment of antibody presence after enzyme action.

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Lipid Solvents

Chemicals that solubilize enveloped viruses, releasing viral components.

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Live-attenuated virus vaccines

Vaccines that mimic a subclinical infection, eliciting a lasting immune response.

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Avirulent Viruses

Non-dangerous viruses used in heterologous species for vaccination.

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Vaccines by Serial Passage

Attenuation method involving multiple cell cultures over time.

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Gene Deletion in Viruses

Attenuation by removing nonessential genes contributing to virulence.

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Reassortants in Vaccines

Combination of viral mutants used for creating safer vaccines.

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Nonreplicating Virus Vaccines

Vaccines that don't replicate in the host organism.

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Subunit Vaccines

Vaccines produced by expressing specific viral proteins.

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Serological Diagnosis

A method to measure virus-specific antibodies in serum to determine infection status.

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Virus Neutralization Assay

Gold standard test for quantifying virus-specific antibodies; indicates protective immunity.

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Immunodiffusion

A technique using agar gel to diagnose viral infections based on antibody presence.

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Coggins Test

An AGID test that detects antibodies to Equine Infectious Anemia.

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Immunoblotting

A method to detect multiple antibodies against proteins of a virus simultaneously.

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SDS Page

A technique used for protein separation based on size before transfer to a membrane.

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Hemagglutination-Inhibition Assay

A widely used method for detecting viruses by their ability to agglutinate red blood cells.

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Blocking Agent

Substance used in assays to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies.

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Study Notes

Veterinary Virology Lecture Notes

  • Vaccines against Viral Diseases: Vaccines are used to prevent viral diseases in animals.
  • Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccines: These vaccines elicit a lasting immune response, mimicking a subclinical infection. Methods include creating avirulent viruses, serial passage in cultured cells or heterologous hosts, or selecting for mutants and reassortants.
  • Nonreplicating Virus Vaccines: These vaccines don't replicate in the host.
    • Inactivated (Killed) Whole Virions: Made from virulent viruses killed by chemical or physical agents. These are relatively safe but require large amounts of antigen to elicit a strong antibody response. Usually formulated with chemical adjuvants.
    • Purified Native Viral Proteins: Solubilizing enveloped viruses using lipid solvents releases viral components (e.g., glycoprotein spikes). Alternatively, viral proteins can be expressed in various cell systems for use in subunit vaccines.
    • **Viral Proteins That Self-Assemble into Virus-Like Particles (VLPs):**Some nonenveloped icosahedral viruses have capsid proteins that self-assemble into virus-like particles for use as vaccines.
  • Recombinant DNA and Related Technologies:
    • Gene Deletion or Site-Directed Mutagenesis: Deliberately inserting attenuating mutations or deleting nonessential genes to decrease virulence.
    • Subunit Vaccines: Utilize eukaryotic expression vectors to produce and express viral proteins in cells. This allows for easier production of the targeted proteins.

Specific Antibodies

  • Serological Diagnosis: Measures antibody levels in response to a virus.
    • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A serologic assay used for the qualitative (positive or negative) or quantitative determination of viral antibodies. It's a rapid, cost-effective method, sometimes not needing infectious viruses for antigen production.
    • Serum (Virus) Neutralization Assay: Historic gold standard for virus-specific antibody detection. The assay determines whether an antibody can bind to a virus and prevent it from causing infection. It's a direct correlate for protective antibody in vivo.

Other Detection Methods

  • Immunoblotting (Western Blotting): Simultaneously measures antibodies against various proteins of a virus.
  • Immunodiffusion: Uses agar gel to detect antibodies. Commonly used for specific diagnosis of viral infections.
  • Hemagglutination-Inhibition Assay: Measures the ability of antibodies to prevent virus binding to red blood cells, often used for viruses like influenza.

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