Veterinary Sulfonamides Administration

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What is the main reason for the continued widespread use of sulfonamides in veterinary medicine?

Their low cost and relative efficacy in common bacterial diseases (correct)

Their broad spectrum of activity against all bacterial diseases

Their high cost and wide availability

Their minimal side effects and long duration of action

What renders sulfonamides much more effective than sulfonamides alone?

Their combination with diaminopyrimidines (correct)

Their duration of effect

Their lipid solubility

Their water solubility

How often are standard-use sulfonamides typically administered in most species to control systemic infections due to susceptible bacteria?

Once a week

Every 1 to 2 days

Every 6 to 24 hours (correct)

Every 3 to 4 days

What is the primary use of very water-soluble sulfonamides like sulfisoxazole and sulfasomidine?

To treat urinary tract infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common route of administration for therapeutic doses of sulfonamides in monogastric animals?

Oral (PO) Signup and view all the answers

In which animals is the absorption of trimethoprim delayed and tends to be trapped in the ruminoreticulum?

Ruminants Signup and view all the answers

Where are concentrations of sulfadiazine ≥90% bound to plasma proteins?

In the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which body fluid may contain 50%–90% of the concentrations of sulfonamides found in blood?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Signup and view all the answers

Where are trimethoprim and ormetoprim likely to accumulate due to their basic properties?

In acidic urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the distribution pattern of sulfonamides based on?

The ionization state, vascularity of specific tissues, and barriers to diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main route of excretion for trimethoprim?

Urine Signup and view all the answers

Which species shows some suggestion of extensive hepatic biotransformation for trimethoprim?

Ruminants Signup and view all the answers

Where are sulfonamide residues often detected due to passive diffusion?

Milk Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration greatly decreases the bioavailability of sulfachlorpyridazine?

Oral (PO) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main route of administration for therapeutic doses of sulfonamides when dealing with acute life-threatening infections?

Intravenous (IV) Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue may have concentrations of trimethoprim higher than corresponding plasma concentrations?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sulfonamides on ruminal microflora?

Sulfonamides depress the cellulolytic function of ruminal microflora Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect has been associated with prolonged sulfonamide treatment in dogs?

Hypothyroidism Signup and view all the answers

How does high-dose trimethoprim treatment affect hematopoiesis?

Promotes maturation defects Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with treatment using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in horses?

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is increased by sulfonamides according to the text?

Eosinophil count Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antacids on the gastrointestinal absorption of sulfonamides?

Inhibits absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about withdrawal times for food-producing animals is true?

Attention to withdrawal times is essential due to adverse effects in people Signup and view all the answers

How does urinary acidification affect sulfonamide excretion?

Reduces sulfonamide excretion Signup and view all the answers

What type of wounds do sulfonamides retard healing of?

Uncontaminated wounds Signup and view all the answers

Which species may experience mild follicular thyroid hyperplasia due to prolonged administration of sulfonamides?

Dogs Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of concurrent administration of acidic drugs with higher binding affinities on sulfonamides?

Decreased plasma-protein binding of sulfonamides Signup and view all the answers

How does alkalinization of urine affect sulfonamide excretion?

Promotes sulfonamide excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal in vitro ratio for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide?

1:20 Signup and view all the answers

Why do commercially available preparations use a ratio of 1:5 for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide?

Due to pharmacokinetic considerations Signup and view all the answers

When are sulfonamides most effective?

In the early stages of acute infections Signup and view all the answers

What happens once the stores of folic acid, purines, thymidine, and amino acids are depleted?

Bacteriostasis occurs Signup and view all the answers

Why are adequate cellular and humoral defense mechanisms critical for successful sulfonamide treatment when used as sole agents?

To counteract the bacteriostatic nature of sulfonamides Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mechanism of resistance to sulfonamides?

Increased affinity of altered proteins Signup and view all the answers

Why are sulfonamides less effective in purulent environments?

Due to increased concentration of PABA Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic among all sulfonamides?

Cross-resistance between different species Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganisms are highly resistant to sulfonamides?

Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why a group of diaminopyrimidines is used in combination with sulfonamides?

To block microbial enzyme systems sequentially Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effect of using diaminopyrimidines alone against bacteria?

Moderately effective and resistance develops rapidly Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sulfonamides when used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat protozoal diseases?

Potentiate the effect of pyrimethamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the use of triple sulfonamide mixtures clinically?

Higher solubility compared to single drug at the same total concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group substitution results in compounds with varying physical, chemical, pharmacological, and antibacterial properties?

Substitution on the amido group Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the solubility of N4-acetylated sulfonamides compared to their nonacetylated forms?

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the pKa range for sulfonamides of therapeutic interest?

$4.8-8.6$ Signup and view all the answers

How are water-soluble sodium or disodium salts of sulfonamides used for parenteral administration prepared?

As highly alkaline solutions Signup and view all the answers

How do diaminopyrimidines such as trimethoprim inhibit bacteria and protozoa?

By competitively inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is facilitated by PABA as a substrate for the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid?

Dihydropterate synthetase (DPS) Signup and view all the answers

What does blockade of several enzymes needed for the biogenesis of purine bases result in?

Inhibition of growth and replication Signup and view all the answers

At what concentrations do sulfonamides exhibit a bactericidal action?

High concentrations found in urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of potentiated sulfonamides?

Inhibition of folic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for commercially available preparations to use a ratio of 1:5 for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide?

Pharmacokinetic considerations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the lag period before the effects of sulfonamide treatment become evident?

Bacteria use existing stores of folic acid and other compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mechanism of resistance to sulfonamides?

Altered proteins with decreased affinity Signup and view all the answers

Why are sulfonamides less effective in purulent environments?

Release of PABA from decaying neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What leads to bacteriostasis once the existing stores are depleted?

Depletion of folic acid, folinic acid, purines, thymidine, and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes potentiated sulfonamides from standard sulfonamides in terms of antibacterial efficacy?

Potentiated sulfonamides are bactericidal while standard sulfonamides are bacteriostatic Signup and view all the answers

What effect does overproduction of PABA have on the inhibition of dihydropterate synthetase?

Precludes inhibition of dihydropterate synthetase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor influencing the efficacy of sulfonamides?

Cellular and humoral defense mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor determining the antibacterial efficacy of potentiated sulfonamides?

Concentration at the site of infection Signup and view all the answers

What renders potentiated sulfonamides time dependent in their antibacterial efficacy?

Bacteriostatic nature Signup and view all the answers

What leads to an optimal ratio for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide at the site of infection?

Pharmacokinetic considerations Signup and view all the answers

Veterinary Sulfonamides Administration

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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason for the continued widespread use of sulfonamides in veterinary medicine?

What renders sulfonamides much more effective than sulfonamides alone?

How often are standard-use sulfonamides typically administered in most species to control systemic infections due to susceptible bacteria?

What is the primary use of very water-soluble sulfonamides like sulfisoxazole and sulfasomidine?

What is the most common route of administration for therapeutic doses of sulfonamides in monogastric animals?

In which animals is the absorption of trimethoprim delayed and tends to be trapped in the ruminoreticulum?

Where are concentrations of sulfadiazine ≥90% bound to plasma proteins?

Which body fluid may contain 50%–90% of the concentrations of sulfonamides found in blood?

Where are trimethoprim and ormetoprim likely to accumulate due to their basic properties?

What is the distribution pattern of sulfonamides based on?

What is the main route of excretion for trimethoprim?

Which species shows some suggestion of extensive hepatic biotransformation for trimethoprim?

Where are sulfonamide residues often detected due to passive diffusion?

Which route of administration greatly decreases the bioavailability of sulfachlorpyridazine?

What is the main route of administration for therapeutic doses of sulfonamides when dealing with acute life-threatening infections?

Which tissue may have concentrations of trimethoprim higher than corresponding plasma concentrations?

What is the effect of sulfonamides on ruminal microflora?

What adverse effect has been associated with prolonged sulfonamide treatment in dogs?

How does high-dose trimethoprim treatment affect hematopoiesis?

What adverse effect is associated with treatment using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in horses?

Which parameter is increased by sulfonamides according to the text?

What is the effect of antacids on the gastrointestinal absorption of sulfonamides?

Which statement about withdrawal times for food-producing animals is true?

How does urinary acidification affect sulfonamide excretion?

What type of wounds do sulfonamides retard healing of?

Which species may experience mild follicular thyroid hyperplasia due to prolonged administration of sulfonamides?

What is the potential effect of concurrent administration of acidic drugs with higher binding affinities on sulfonamides?

How does alkalinization of urine affect sulfonamide excretion?

What is the optimal in vitro ratio for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide?

Why do commercially available preparations use a ratio of 1:5 for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide?

When are sulfonamides most effective?

What happens once the stores of folic acid, purines, thymidine, and amino acids are depleted?

Why are adequate cellular and humoral defense mechanisms critical for successful sulfonamide treatment when used as sole agents?

What is the most common mechanism of resistance to sulfonamides?

Why are sulfonamides less effective in purulent environments?

What is a common characteristic among all sulfonamides?

Which microorganisms are highly resistant to sulfonamides?

What is the main reason why a group of diaminopyrimidines is used in combination with sulfonamides?

Which of the following best describes the effect of using diaminopyrimidines alone against bacteria?

What is the role of sulfonamides when used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat protozoal diseases?

What is the basis for the use of triple sulfonamide mixtures clinically?

Which functional group substitution results in compounds with varying physical, chemical, pharmacological, and antibacterial properties?

What happens to the solubility of N4-acetylated sulfonamides compared to their nonacetylated forms?

What is the pKa range for sulfonamides of therapeutic interest?

How are water-soluble sodium or disodium salts of sulfonamides used for parenteral administration prepared?

How do diaminopyrimidines such as trimethoprim inhibit bacteria and protozoa?

Which enzyme is facilitated by PABA as a substrate for the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid?

What does blockade of several enzymes needed for the biogenesis of purine bases result in?

At what concentrations do sulfonamides exhibit a bactericidal action?

What is the mechanism of action of potentiated sulfonamides?

What is the reason for commercially available preparations to use a ratio of 1:5 for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide?

What is the primary reason for the lag period before the effects of sulfonamide treatment become evident?

What is the most common mechanism of resistance to sulfonamides?

Why are sulfonamides less effective in purulent environments?

What leads to bacteriostasis once the existing stores are depleted?

What characteristic distinguishes potentiated sulfonamides from standard sulfonamides in terms of antibacterial efficacy?

What effect does overproduction of PABA have on the inhibition of dihydropterate synthetase?

What is the main factor influencing the efficacy of sulfonamides?

What is the primary factor determining the antibacterial efficacy of potentiated sulfonamides?

What renders potentiated sulfonamides time dependent in their antibacterial efficacy?

What leads to an optimal ratio for the combination of trimethoprim or ormetoprim and a sulfonamide at the site of infection?

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