Veterinary Skin Therapeutics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum recommended duration for treating deep pyoderma?

At least 2 weeks after resolution of clinical lesions

At least 1 week after symptoms appear

At least 3 weeks following clinical resolution

At least 4-6 weeks including not less than 2 weeks after resolution of clinical lesions (correct)

Which type of antibiotic is oxytetracycline classified as?

Bacteriostatic, time-dependent (correct)

Bacteriostatic, concentration-dependent

Bactericidal, concentration-dependent

Bactericidal, time-dependent

What mechanism do sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors primarily target?

Folic acid production (correct)

RNA synthesis

Protein synthesis

Cell wall synthesis

Which condition is cited as a common use for lincosamide antibiotics?

Wound infections in horses Signup and view all the answers

What is often combined with sulfadiazine to enhance its effect?

Trimethoprim Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of oclacitinib?

Inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) enzyme activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known adverse effect of ciclosporin?

Gingival hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What specific cytokine does lokivetmab target?

Canine interleukin-31 (IL-31) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential unwanted effect of oclacitinib due to its mechanism of action?

Development of new (sub)cutaneous lumps Signup and view all the answers

How long may it typically take for improvement to occur when starting treatment with certain anti-inflammatory therapies?

2-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of glucocorticoids in the treatment of allergic dermatitis?

Alter DNA transcription through specific receptors Signup and view all the answers

How do calcineurin inhibitors function in the management of atopic dermatitis?

Inhibit activation of T-lymphocytes during antigenic stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mode of action of oclacitinib in treating pruritis?

Blocking clinically significant cytokines that rely on JAK Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of lokivetmab in treating atopic dermatitis?

It is a caninised monoclonal antibody targeting IL-31. Signup and view all the answers

When considering therapy for atopic dermatitis, which factor should NOT be taken into account?

The color of the animal's fur Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of using alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists like xylazine in mammals?

Sedation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commonly used glucocorticoid?

Dexamethasone Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of insect growth regulators like methoprene?

To affect developing stages of insects Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is recommended for stopping chronic glucocorticoid therapy?

Gradually decrease the dose by 20-25% every 4-6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is an example of a calcineurin inhibitor?

Ciclosporin Signup and view all the answers

Which medications act as H1-receptor antagonists to counteract allergic responses?

Cetirizine Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for administering essential fatty acids to observe their effects?

8-10 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What common side effect is associated with glucocorticoids like prednisolone?

Restlessness Signup and view all the answers

Which combination is commonly formulated for effective ectoparasitic control?

Insect growth regulator and insecticide Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibacterial medications is well-known for treating skin diseases?

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Signup and view all the answers

How does ciclosporin primarily exert its therapeutic effects?

By inhibiting T-lymphocyte activation Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action do adult ectoparasiticides like ivermectin utilize?

Glutamate-chloride channels Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when selecting anti-inflammatory agents for skin diseases?

Shared plan with clients Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of allergen-specific immunotherapy?

Long-term tolerance development Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal is the systemic choice commonly selected for treatment?

Itraconazole Signup and view all the answers

What do insect growth regulators specifically target in the lifecycle of insects and arthropods?

Eggs, larvae, and pupae Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for fipronil?

Inhibits GABA complex Signup and view all the answers

Which ectoparasiticide should not be used in rabbits due to potential severe side effects?

Fipronil Signup and view all the answers

Which insecticide belongs to the neonicotinoid group and has high affinity for post-synaptic nicotinic ACh receptors?

Imidacloprid Signup and view all the answers

What is the active component of macrocyclic lactones that opens glutamate-chloride channels?

Moxidectin Signup and view all the answers

Which ectoparasiticide is particularly known for its neurotoxic effects in cats?

Cypermethrin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms do pyrethroids primarily employ to affect ectoparasites?

Act on sodium channels Signup and view all the answers

Amitraz is primarily used to treat which types of parasites?

Mites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the action of neonicotinoids?

They paralyze and kill fleas by targeting nicotinic ACh receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Therapeutics for Skin

The presentation covers various medications used to treat skin conditions in animals.
Different classes of medications are used to treat various aspects of skin conditions, including infections, infestations, inflammation and allergies.
Learning outcomes include describing the classes of medications used for skin disease, modes of action of anti-inflammatory drugs, long-term corticosteroid regimens, and distinguishing between anti-inflammatory agents.

Drug Therapies

Infections and infestations: Antimicrobials (antibiotics, antifungals, antiyeast) and ectoparasiticides are used
Inflammation and allergies: Glucocorticosteroids, cyclosporin, oclacitinib, lokivetmab, antihistamines, and essential fatty acids are used.

Antibacterials

Inhibit cell wall synthesis: Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, vancomycin.
Inhibit protein synthesis: Aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, clindamycin, macrolides, fusidic acid, streptogramins.
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis: Fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, rifamycins, sulfonamides, trimethoprim

β-lactam antibiotics

Inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with the transpeptidation of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Bactericidal, time-dependent.
Examples include amoxicillin and cefalexin.
Duration of treatment varies depending on the severity of the condition.

Tetracyclines

Inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria.
Bacteriostatic, time-dependent.
Examples include oxytetracycline and doxycycline.

Sulfonamides, DRIs, and combination antibiotics

Inhibit the production of folic acid, which affects purine synthesis.
Usually combined (TMS), which is bactericidal, time-dependent.

Inhibit protein synthesis, are bacteriostatic, and time-dependent.
Examples include clindamycin.

Fusidic acid and Polymyxin B

Fusidic acid inhibits bacterial protein synthesis (bacteriostatic), but in high concentrations can be bactericidal.
Effective against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.
Polymyxin B disrupts bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, which is bactericidal, and is effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

Antifungals and antiyeasts- Topical

Imidazoles (miconazole, ketoconazole, enilconazole) inhibit ergosterol incorporation, increasing cell wall permeability and leakage
Miconazole is an antifungal with activity against yeasts.
Nystatin is a broad-spectrum antifungal, effective against Candida.

Antifungals- Oral

Triazoles, such as itraconazole, are the systemic treatment of choice.
Griseofulvin is absorbed over a prolonged period and prevents fungal invasion of cells

Ectoparasiticides- general mechanisms

Act on the nervous system (AChE inhibitors, Na + channel blockers, nicotinic ACh receptor antagonists, GABA and Cl- channel inhibitors)
Inhibit insect growth and development.
Ectoparasite repellent

Ectoparasiticides

Macrocyclic lactones (selamectin, ivermectin, moxidectin) affect open glutamate-chloride channels.
Phenylpyrazoles (fipronil), are insecticides and acaracides that inhibit the GABA complex, impacting chloride channels, potentially causing seizures in rabbits.
Imidacloprid and nitenpyram belong to the neonicotinoid insecticides and are highly effective on post-synaptic nicotinic receptors, causing paralysis.
Pyrethroids (permethrin/cypermethrin/flumethrin) affect sodium channels, initially causing excitement followed by paralysis.
Amitraz is a formamidine insecticide/acaracide that increases nervous activity, leading to rapid detachment and death of parasites.

Ectoparasiticides (Insect growth regulators)

Insect growth regulators (e.g., methoprene) affect developing stages of insects (eggs, pupae, larvae) and arthropods but not the adult parasite.

Bewildering number of products

There are many medications available for treatment of skin conditions, pet owners may request specific kinds.
Clinicians should follow a practice policy to make appropriate treatment decisions.

Allergy and inflammation

Inflammation is complex and involves multiple inflammatory mediators.

Glucocorticoids

Are highly effective anti-inflammatory drugs.
Examples include prednisolone and dexamethasone.
Have wide-ranging side effects.
Long-term use needs careful tapering of dosages to prevent adrenal atrophy.

Calcineurin inhibitors

Ciclosporin has more targeted T-cell suppression than glucocorticoids.
Inhibits activation of T-lymphocytes by reducing IL-2 production.

Oclacitinib

A Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, it inhibits a variety of cytokines associated with allergic responses.

Lokivetmab

A caninised monoclonal antibody that targets the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-31 (IL-31).

Other anti-inflammatory therapies

Antihistamines (e.g., chlorphenamine) antagonize histamine binding to H1 receptors.
Essential fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) might have a weak anti-inflammatory effect.

Key Points

Summarizes the main points from each section.
Highlights various medications and treatment approaches.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various medications used to treat skin conditions in animals. This quiz covers different classes of medications, their modes of action, and their specific applications for infections and inflammation. Learn how anti-inflammatory agents and other therapies function in managing skin diseases effectively.