Veterinary Pathology and Diagnostic Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which diagnostic method is described as quick, easy, and cheap?

  • Endoscopy
  • Urinalysis (correct)
  • Radiography
  • Electron microscopy

    • What technology is mentioned to have increased our ability to diagnose specific diseases?

  • Radiography
  • Electron microscopy
  • Virology
  • Molecular diagnostics (correct)

    • Which diagnostic method involves the study of parasites?

  • Virology
  • Parasitology (correct)
  • Histopathology
  • Toxicology

    • Which method is NOT part of the clinical pathology diagnostic toolbox?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of cytology?

    <p>Rapid analysis of various lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of cytology?

    <p>Lack of tissue architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does histopathology involve?

    <p>Study of tissue changes caused by disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Immunohistochemistry (IHC)?

    <p>Identify specific antigens and epitopes in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Pathogen Isolation?

    <p>Identifying the footprint of pathogenic organisms in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the collection of tissue samples crucial for pathogen identification?

    <p>Fresh samples are preferable for testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do molecular biology techniques like PCR target and amplify?

    <p>Small, specific segments of DNA from viruses, bacteria, and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are virology techniques like PCR and virus isolation used for?

    <p>Detecting viral nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do bacteriology and mycology involve?

    <p>Collection of tissues post-mortem or in the clinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do veterinary pathology and diagnostic techniques play?

    <p>Diagnosing and understanding diseases in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of disease diagnosis in veterinary medicine?

    <p>To enable early control of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the diagnostic toolbox for veterinarians?

    <p>It allows them to choose the best approach for diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method involves the study of tissues at a microscopic level?

    <p>Histopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of clinical pathology - cytology as a diagnostic method?

    <p>Quick, easy, and cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Polyclonal antibodies target multiple epitopes on the antigen, while monoclonal antibodies target a specific epitope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of producing monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Isolating B cells from spleen, fusing them with Myeloma cells, and selecting the hybridoma that produces antibodies against the desired epitope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antiglobulins in serological tests?

    <p>To serve as secondary antibodies that bind to primary antibodies and antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are polyclonal antibodies different from monoclonal antibodies in terms of their epitope specificity?

    <p>Polyclonal antibodies can bind to multiple epitopes on the antigen, while monoclonal antibodies bind to a specific epitope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 4-fold or greater increase in titre between the 1st & 2nd sample indicate?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of antibodies against persistent viral or bacterial pathogens in the face of agent presence suggest?

    <p>Chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lack of antibodies against persistent viral or bacterial pathogens in the face of agent presence suggest?

    <p>Chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating sensitivity of a test?

    <p>$$\frac{\text{True Positives}}{\text{Total Infected}}$$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating specificity of a test?

    <p>$$\frac{\text{True Negatives}}{\text{Total Non-Infected}}$$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a highly sensitive test have very few of?

    <p>False negatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a highly specific test have very few of?

    <p>False positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensitivity of the test given the following data: Total Infected = 1078, Infected animals with a positive test result = 950?

    <p>88%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specificity of the test given the following data: Total Non-Infected = 2575, Non-infected animals with a negative result = 2540?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of binding/neutralization interfering antibodies suggest for a serologically negative animal?

    <p>Immunosuppression or immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a single sample serological test prove useful for in the poultry industry?

    <p>Confirming vaccination responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for taking paired blood samples to diagnose infections in individual animals?

    <p>To differentiate past exposure from current infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological test is used to identify particular antigens in a complex mixture of proteins?

    <p>Western blotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ELISA is used to detect antigens by capturing them with a specific antibody and detecting with a second antibody?

    <p>Sandwich ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological test is used to detect antigen-specific antibody in serum by activating complement to produce membrane attack complexes?

    <p>Complement fixation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of rapid immunoassay devices like SNAP test?

    <p>Used in clinics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of agglutination assays?

    <p>Visible clumping of particulate antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of serological test requires a pure preparation of a known antigen or antibody?

    <p>ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used for the detection of antigens in cells and tissues?

    <p>Immunolabeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of haemagglutination assays?

    <p>Typing blood groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serological test is used to detect antigen/antibody and requires a pure preparation of a known antigen or antibody?

    <p>ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ELISA is used to detect antigens by immobilizing the antigen and detecting with an enzyme-conjugated antibody?

    <p>Direct ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of immunolabeling in immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry?

    <p>Detection of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of precipitation tests in immunological serological tests?

    <p>Less common now</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Veterinary Pathology and Diagnostic Techniques

    • Advantages of cytology include rapid analysis of various lesions, such as skin scrapings, ear swabs, and masses, for cell types and pathogenic organisms in just 1 minute.
    • Disadvantages of cytology include the lack of tissue architecture, low cellularity, and low cell count.
    • Hematology tests, like complete blood count (CBC), provide rapid and relatively cheap analysis of WBC and RBC cell counts, platelet count, and other parameters.
    • Histopathology involves the study of tissue changes caused by disease, typically acquired during surgery, endoscopically, or through biopsy, and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for analysis.
    • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) combines histology, immunology, and chemistry to identify specific antigens and epitopes in tissues using antibodies, helping to identify specific cell types and proteins expressed in biopsies.
    • IHC is useful in detecting a variety of pathogens in tissues, including viruses that are visually undetectable in standard slides, and it can help identify viral antigens in tissues, such as the Feline Infectious Peritonitis virus in lymph nodes.
    • Pathogen isolation involves identifying the footprint of pathogenic organisms in tissues through special stains and types of inflammation, often requiring further work to identify the genus and species of the organism.
    • Collection of tissue samples for pathogen identification is crucial, with fresh samples being preferable, and multiple individual samples of key tissues stored frozen for later testing.
    • Molecular biology techniques like PCR are indispensable for modern diagnoses, targeting and amplifying small, specific segments of DNA from viruses, bacteria, and fungi using fresh or frozen tissues.
    • Virology techniques like PCR and virus isolation are used to detect viral nucleic acids, especially when lesions of viral infection are subtle or non-specific on post-mortem and histopathology.
    • Bacteriology and mycology involve the collection of tissues post-mortem or in the clinic, with aseptic techniques, and traditional culture on various media to identify common causes of death in veterinary species.
    • Veterinary pathology and diagnostic techniques play a crucial role in diagnosing and understanding diseases in animals, providing rapid analysis and identification of various pathogens and cellular changes.

    Immunological Serological Tests and Techniques

    • Antibodies specific for immunoglobulin of a different species are used for Indirect ELISAs and indirect IHC
    • Serological tests include ELISA, rapid immunoassay devices, western blotting, precipitation tests, immunolabeling, agglutination tests, complement fixation test, and neutralization test
    • ELISA is used to detect antigen/antibody and requires a pure preparation of a known antigen or antibody
    • "Sandwich" ELISA is used to detect antigens, involving capturing the antigen with a specific antibody and detecting with a second antibody
    • Rapid immunoassay devices, like SNAP test, are used in clinics
    • Precipitin-based assays are less common now and are made in a layer of agar that permits radial diffusion of reactants
    • Western blotting is used to identify particular antigens in a complex mixture of proteins
    • Immunolabeling of cells and tissues is used for detection of antigens
    • Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry are used for immunolabeling
    • Agglutination assays involve visible clumping of particulate antigens
    • Haemagglutination assays are used for typing blood groups and matching compatible donors and recipients for blood transfusion
    • Complement fixation test is used to detect antigen-specific antibody in serum by activating complement to produce membrane attack complexes

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    Related Documents

    Methodologies in Disease Investigation (VET S2007) PDF
    Serological Tests PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of veterinary pathology and diagnostic techniques with this quiz. Explore the advantages and disadvantages of cytology, hematology tests, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, pathogen isolation, molecular biology, virology, bacteriology, and mycology in diagnosing diseases in animals.

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