Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common clinical sign associated with pulmonary histoplasmosis in horses?
What is a common clinical sign associated with pulmonary histoplasmosis in horses?
- Increased appetite
- Intermittent fever (correct)
- Improved energy levels
- Consistent weight gain
Which of the following conditions is NOT listed as a differential diagnosis for pulmonary histoplasmosis?
Which of the following conditions is NOT listed as a differential diagnosis for pulmonary histoplasmosis?
- Strangles
- Equine influenza (correct)
- Glanders
- Melioidosis
What is the optimal concentration of histofarcin for achieving a skin hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the optimal concentration of histofarcin for achieving a skin hypersensitivity reaction?
- 1.0-1.5 mg/ml
- 0.5-1.0 mg/ml
- 0.1-0.2 mg/ml
- 0.2-0.4 mg/ml (correct)
What is the preferred management approach for treating clinical cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis?
What is the preferred management approach for treating clinical cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis?
Which statement about the histofarcin test's specificity is correct?
Which statement about the histofarcin test's specificity is correct?
Which species is primarily responsible for guttural pouch mycosis in horses?
Which species is primarily responsible for guttural pouch mycosis in horses?
What is the primary drug of choice for treating clinical cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis?
What is the primary drug of choice for treating clinical cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis?
What characteristic appearance do cutaneous lesions take on in horses with histoplasmosis?
What characteristic appearance do cutaneous lesions take on in horses with histoplasmosis?
What is the main cause of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts?
What is the main cause of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts?
Which of the following fungi is NOT mentioned as a causing agent in equine mycoses?
Which of the following fungi is NOT mentioned as a causing agent in equine mycoses?
What is the diameter range of the yeast-like fungus found in histoplasmosis lesions?
What is the diameter range of the yeast-like fungus found in histoplasmosis lesions?
Which dermatophyte is most prevalent in equine dermatophytosis?
Which dermatophyte is most prevalent in equine dermatophytosis?
What primary form of transmission occurs for Histoplasma capsulatum var.farciminosum?
What primary form of transmission occurs for Histoplasma capsulatum var.farciminosum?
Emericella nidulans is associated with which condition in equines?
Emericella nidulans is associated with which condition in equines?
What is the main characteristic of mycetoma related to fungal infections?
What is the main characteristic of mycetoma related to fungal infections?
What is a characteristic symptom of equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
What is a characteristic symptom of equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
Among which group of equine mycoses is aspergillosis specifically highlighted as a concern?
Among which group of equine mycoses is aspergillosis specifically highlighted as a concern?
How long did it take for nodular lesions to appear in a horse infected with the yeast form of H.capsulatum during experimental infection?
How long did it take for nodular lesions to appear in a horse infected with the yeast form of H.capsulatum during experimental infection?
Which statement regarding Aspergillus species is true?
Which statement regarding Aspergillus species is true?
What complication has been associated with equine epizootic lymphaginitis in pregnant mares?
What complication has been associated with equine epizootic lymphaginitis in pregnant mares?
What is the primary geographic area regarding the genetic distinct populations of Histoplasma?
What is the primary geographic area regarding the genetic distinct populations of Histoplasma?
Which form of clinical presentation is NOT associated with equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
Which form of clinical presentation is NOT associated with equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
What is the major biological form of H.capsulatum involved in equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
What is the major biological form of H.capsulatum involved in equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
What is typically recovered from the discharge of pyogranulomas in equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
What is typically recovered from the discharge of pyogranulomas in equine epizootic lymphaginitis?
What is one of the primary reasons for the importance of faster serologic tests in diagnosis?
What is one of the primary reasons for the importance of faster serologic tests in diagnosis?
Which method is preferred for molecular diagnosis based on the provided content?
Which method is preferred for molecular diagnosis based on the provided content?
What are kunkers specifically associated with in the pathology discussed?
What are kunkers specifically associated with in the pathology discussed?
What is a characteristic feature of the microscopic lesions in the condition described?
What is a characteristic feature of the microscopic lesions in the condition described?
What is the recommended management strategy for treating the affected tissue?
What is the recommended management strategy for treating the affected tissue?
Which of the following therapies has shown promising results in treating the condition?
Which of the following therapies has shown promising results in treating the condition?
In which anatomical locations does the disease typically progress if curative excision is not possible?
In which anatomical locations does the disease typically progress if curative excision is not possible?
What preventive measure may reduce the risk of infection in horses?
What preventive measure may reduce the risk of infection in horses?
What is the primary risk factor for developing candidiasis in horses?
What is the primary risk factor for developing candidiasis in horses?
Which condition is NOT associated with an increased risk of candidiasis in horses?
Which condition is NOT associated with an increased risk of candidiasis in horses?
Oral candidiasis in horses typically presents as what?
Oral candidiasis in horses typically presents as what?
Which statement about pythiosis is accurate?
Which statement about pythiosis is accurate?
What is a common presentation of systemic candidiasis in horses?
What is a common presentation of systemic candidiasis in horses?
Which of the following is a potential treatment option for oral candidiasis in horses?
Which of the following is a potential treatment option for oral candidiasis in horses?
Candida spp. infections in humans are most likely to occur in which of the following scenarios?
Candida spp. infections in humans are most likely to occur in which of the following scenarios?
Which condition is commonly associated with uterine candidiasis in mares?
Which condition is commonly associated with uterine candidiasis in mares?
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Study Notes
Aspecific Invasive Mycoses
- Opportunistic fungi usually affect immunocompromised animals.
- Most commonly affect skin and respiratory tract.
- Guttural pouch mycosis can lead to fatal hemorrhage.
- Dermatophytes cause "ringworm" in horses.
- Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton equinum, Trichophyton verrucosum, Microsporum gypseum and T.equinum are common dermatophytes in animals.
Aspergillosis (Guttural Pouch Mycosis)
- Caused by Aspergillus species, a ubiquitous saprophyte.
- A. fumigatus is the most prevalent, responsible for increased invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients.
- A.fumigatus is also the major organism found in the guttural pouch of horses affected with aspergillosis, besides A.versicolor, A.nidulans, and A.niger.
- Emericella nidulans from bedding in the equine environment has been associated with guttural pouch mycosis.
Equine Epizootic Lymphangitis/Histoplasmosis/Pseudofarcy
- Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic mycosis causing human infection.
- The disease is characterized by cord-like subcutaneous lymphatic and cutaneous pyogranulomas.
- Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum is the causal agent, a dimorphic fungus.
Candidiasis
- Candida spp. are opportunistic fungal pathogens.
- They cause localized and systemic infections in neonatal and adult horses.
- Prolonged antibiotic therapy, immune deficiency, and trauma are risk factors.
- Oral candidiasis or "thrush" manifests as white plaques on the oral mucosa and tongue.
- Systemic candidiasis may present with fever, arthritis, meningitis, or pneumonia.
- Mares with uterine candidiasis may present with vaginal discharge or failure to conceive.
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