30 Questions
Which sedative is commonly used for endoscopy of the guttural pouch and equine head?
Xylazine
What is the purpose of using a nose twitch during the procedure?
To restrain the horse
Which of the following structures should be avoided to prevent bleeding during the procedure?
Ethmoid turbinates
What is the purpose of introducing the endoscope ventromedially into the ventral meatus?
To reduce resistance
What is the entrance to the esophagus in relation to the epiglottis?
Dorsal
What is the access point for the procedure?
Ventral meatus
Which structure cools the blood going to the brain in horses?
Internal carotid
What is the purpose of the guttural pouch in horses?
To store mucus
Which nerve is responsible for the contraction of the muscle above the larynx in horses?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What can cause recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in horses?
Sedation
What is the treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses?
Pulling the larynx further up
What is the cause of gurgling or vibrating noise in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate?
Neurological dysfunction
Which surgical procedure can be used to stiffen the soft palate?
Cauterizing the soft palate with a hot iron
What is the condition called when there is pus in the guttural pouch?
Empyema
What is the causative agent of strangles?
Streptococus equi
What is the main treatment for strangles?
Isolation
What is the purpose of sampling for culture and PCR in the case of swollen lymph nodes?
To identify the causative agent
What is the recommended treatment for swollen lymph nodes if it is not strangles?
Flushing it out
Why do horses with strangles not need antibiotics?
Horses can recover without antibiotics
What is the purpose of using a fabric around the base of the tongue?
To treat tongue tie
What are the two surgical options for treating a soft palate issue in horses?
Pulling the soft palate down and tightening it or cauterizing the soft palate with a hot iron or laser.
What is the main treatment for strangles in horses?
Isolating the horse.
What is the condition called when there is pus in the guttural pouch?
Empyema.
Do horses with strangles require antibiotics?
No.
What is the function of the guttural pouch in horses?
The guttural pouch cools the blood going to the brain in horses.
What causes gurgling or vibrating noise in horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate?
The soft palate catching the edge of the soft palate leads to airflow resistance and flapping around, causing gurgling or vibrating noise.
What is the treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses?
One surgical option is to pull the larynx further up and tie it forward, forcing the epiglottis to sit over the soft palate.
What are some chemical and physical methods of restraint for endoscopy of the guttural pouch and equine head?
Chemical methods of restraint include sedation with alpha-2 agonists such as detomidine, xylazine, and romifidine, as well as the use of butorphanol. Physical methods of restraint include the use of a nose twitch.
What are the potential risks of using sedation during the procedure?
Sedation with xylazine or detomidine can cause relaxation of the muscles around the larynx and pharynx, leading to false positives in the assessment of the horse's condition.
How should the endoscope be introduced into the ventral meatus?
The endoscope should be introduced ventromedially into the ventral meatus, with a right angle for accessing the guttural pouch.
Test your knowledge on the different methods of restraint, chemical sedation, and physical techniques used during endoscopy of the guttural pouch and equine head. Learn about the use of alpha-2 agonists like detomidine, xylazine, and romifidine, as well as the role of butorphanol and nose twitching. Discover the number of operators required and the duration of action for different sedation agents.
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