Veterinary Medical Terminology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is defined as water intake greater than 90-100 mL/kg/day in dogs?

  • Polyuria
  • Osmoregulation
  • Polydipsia (correct)
  • Dehydration

Polyuria is characterized by urine output less than 50 mL/kg/day in both dogs and cats.

False (B)

Name one condition that is a consistent feature of PU/PD.

Diabetes mellitus

In dogs and cats, high __________ can increase water intake due to increased digestibility.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Primary Polydipsia = Increased thirst driving excessive water intake Diabetes Mellitus = A disease characterized by PU/PD Chronic Kidney Disease = A condition associated with decreased urine concentrating ability Psychogenic Polydipsia = Increased thirst due to psychiatric conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of primary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

<p>Hereditary disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes insipidus is primarily caused by an excess of arginine vasopressin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main hormone responsible for water homeostasis in the body?

<p>Arginine vasopressin (AVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ and polydipsia often occur together in dogs with diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

<p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their potential impact on water regulation:

<p>Diabetes Mellitus = Osmotic diuresis Chronic Kidney Disease = Decreased renal medullary tonicity Hyperadrenocorticism = Increased urine output due to excess cortisol Pheochromocytoma = Increased intravascular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder primarily results from a deficiency in arginine vasopressin?

<p>Central diabetes insipidus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cats are generally reported to have higher incidences of polyuria compared to dogs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one potential cause of secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

<p>Chronic kidney disease or certain medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition known as _________ can lead to impaired response of the kidneys to arginine vasopressin.

<p>nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms of polyuria with their causes:

<p>Osmotic diuresis = Diabetes Mellitus Low medullary tonicity = Prolonged IV fluid therapy Drug administration = Mannitol Increased intravascular volume = Pheochromocytoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a common cause of polyuria and polydipsia in cats?

<p>Cushing's Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syndrome of inappropriate diuresis can lead to increased water loss in dogs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does arginine vasopressin play in the kidneys?

<p>It increases cell permeability to water in renal collecting ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased excretion of urine due to osmotic agents occurring in conditions like diabetes mellitus is called _______.

<p>osmotic diuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes polydipsia in dogs and cats?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polydipsia is defined as water intake exceeding 90-100 mL/kg/day in dogs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for increased urine output that exceeds 50 mL/kg/day in dogs and cats?

<p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased water intake can occur due to high ___ content in diets.

<p>salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their potential impact on water regulation:

<p>Diabetes mellitus = Consistent feature of PU/PD Chronic kidney disease = Consistent feature of PU/PD Hyperthyroidism = Consistent feature of PU/PD Behavioral disorders = Suspected to cause increased thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Central diabetes insipidus is primarily caused by a deficiency in arginine vasopressin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a disease commonly associated with polyuria and polydipsia in dogs.

<p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition in which the kidneys cannot effectively respond to arginine vasopressin is called __________.

<p>nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions to their potential effects on water homeostasis:

<p>Diabetes mellitus = Osmotic diuresis Chronic kidney disease = Reduced nephron function Hypercalcemia = Increased thirst Splenic hemangiosarcoma = Unexplained polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms can lead to disrupted osmotic gradients in the kidneys?

<p>Renal medullary washout (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polyuria and polydipsia are commonly reported in cats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of arginine vasopressin in water homeostasis?

<p>Increases cell permeability to water in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased __________ and/or pressure can contribute to polyuria in some cases.

<p>intravascular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs to their potential effect on urine concentration:

<p>Glucocorticoids = Can cause diabetes insipidus Mannitol = Causes osmotic diuresis Phenobarbital = Can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Frusemide = Increases urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with polyuria in cats?

<p>Liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osmotic diuresis occurs when there is an increase in solutes in the renal tubular lumen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a severely protein- or salt-restricted diet on kidney function?

<p>Reduced renal interstitial tonicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dogs with chronic kidney disease exhibit reduced numbers of functional __________ capable of responding to AVP.

<p>nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor causing polyuria in dogs with diabetes mellitus?

<p>Osmotic diuresis from glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Polyuria (PU)

Excessive urine output, greater than 50 mL/kg/day in both dogs and cats.

Polydipsia (PD)

Excessive water intake, greater than 90-100 mL/kg/day in dogs and >50 mL/kg/day in cats.

Primary Polydipsia (PP)

Increased thirst (the primary cause) leading to PU, often linked to behavioral or neurological issues.

Environmental Influences on Water Intake

High temperature, exercise, and diet (e.g., dry food) can increase water intake.

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Causes of PU/PD

Result from excessive water intake or decreased ability to concentrate urine, often linked to diseases like diabetes mellitus, CKD, or hyperthyroidism.

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Secondary Polyuria

Essential physiological response to avoid volume overload and osmotic consequences; a result of primary polydipsia or other medical conditions.

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Polyuria and Polydipsia

Increased urination and drinking, often a symptom of various underlying medical conditions.

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Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI)

A condition where the body doesn't produce enough antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination and thirst.

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Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI)

Inability of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in excessive urination.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that regulates water balance by controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Osmotic Diuresis

Excessive urination due to the presence of osmotically active substances (e.g., glucose) in the urine, disrupting the osmotic balance.

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive loss of kidney function, often leading to polyuria and polydipsia.

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Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)

Hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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Renal Medullary Washout

Reduced concentration of solutes in the renal medulla, affecting water reabsorption leading to increased urination.

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Primary Polyuria

Excessive urination without an obvious underlying medical cause.

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Diabetes Mellitus

A condition where blood sugar levels are elevated leading to excessive urination due to osmotic diuresis.

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Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuresis (SIAD)

Condition where the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive urination.

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Polyuria (PU)

Excessive urine output, greater than 50 mL/kg/day in animals.

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Polydipsia (PD)

Excessive water intake in animals.

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Primary Polydipsia (PP)

Increased thirst, main cause of polyuria.

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Environmental Influences on Water Intake

External factors impacting water intake (heat, exercise, diet).

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Causes of PU/PD

Excessive water drinking or impaired urine concentration.

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Secondary Polyuria

Increased urination due to body's response to issues (avoiding overload).

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Diabetes Mellitus

Blood sugar elevated, causing excessive urination.

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive loss of kidney function, impacting water balance.

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Hyperthyroidism

Overactive thyroid, often associated with PU/PD.

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Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI)

A condition with insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH), causing excessive urination and thirst.

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Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI)

Kidneys fail to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excess urination.

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Osmotic Diuresis

Excessive urination due to substances in urine disrupting water balance.

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive kidney failure, often causing excessive urination and thirst.

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Renal Medullary Washout

Reduced concentration in the kidney's inner part, impacting water reabsorption.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.

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Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)

Hormone that regulates water balance and water reabsorption in the kidneys, also called ADH.

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Polyuria and polydipsia

Increased urination and drinking, often symptom of underlying medical condition.

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Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuresis (SIAD)

Body produces too much antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive urination.

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Study Notes

Polyuria and Polydipsia Definitions

  • Polyuria (PU) is urine output greater than 50 mL/kg/day in both dogs and cats.
  • Polydipsia (PD) is water intake exceeding 90-100 mL/kg/day in dogs and >50 mL/kg/day in cats.

Environmental and Dietary Influences

  • Water intake increases with high temperatures, exercise, and feeding.
  • Dogs fed dry food consume more water than those fed canned food; the difference is less pronounced in cats.
  • Diets with higher digestibility, protein, or salt content increase water intake.
  • Water source type (still or flowing) can affect intake in some cats.

Pathophysiology Overview

  • Polyuria results from excessive water intake (primary polydipsia) or impaired urine concentration (primary polyuria).
  • PU/PD is a symptom of certain diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism).
  • Association between PU/PD and specific diseases can be less clear in some cases.

Primary Polydipsia (PP)

  • PP is a group of disorders where increased thirst is the primary cause of polyuria.
  • Secondary polyuria is a response to avoid fluid overload.
  • Psychogenic polydipsia is a term sometimes used for PP in animals with potential psychological conditions affecting drinking.
  • Possible causes in dogs and cats include behavioral issues or altered hypothalamic thirst center function due to other conditions.
  • PP may contribute to PU in hyperthyroidism and hepatic failure; linked to GI disease in dogs.

Primary Polyuria

  • Antidiuretic hormone (AVP) regulates water balance; it increases renal collecting duct permeability to water, promoting water reabsorption.
  • Disruptions in AVP function or kidney response to AVP can lead to polyuria and secondary polydipsia.
  • Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition with AVP deficiency, either central (insufficient AVP), or nephrogenic (kidney's impaired AVP response).
  • Primary nephrogenic DI is a rare genetic disorder causing severe PU/PD.
  • Secondary nephrogenic DI, more common in animals, is caused by various diseases or certain medications.

Disruption of Osmotic Gradient

  • Osmolar agents in the kidney can disrupt water reabsorption, causing polyuria in diseases like diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and certain kidney disorders.
  • Medullary washout, decreased renal medullary tonicity, can contribute to PU, due to prolonged PU/PD conditions or medication/dietary factors.

Other Mechanisms

  • Increased intravascular volume can lead to PU.
  • Some cases of PU are associated with specific tumors but the mechanisms involved aren't fully understood.

Multiple Mechanisms

  • Multiple problems can cause PU/PD.
  • Conditions like chronic kidney disease can have several combined causes for PU/PD symptoms.

Polyuria and Polydipsia in Cats

  • Some diseases causing PU/PD in dogs have not been documented in cats, potentially due to different tolerance to dehydration and the difficulty in estimating fluid intake in outdoor/multiple water source accessing cats.

Diagnostic Approach

  • Ensuring the presence of PU/PD is crucial before diagnostic testing.
  • Careful history-taking is important to rule out other issues (i.e., behavioral problems, incontinence, frequent urination).
  • Water intake measurement is needed to confirm PD, excluding non-urinary fluid losses or excessive panting.

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