Understanding the Relationship between Hyperglycaemia and Polyuria in Diabetes Mellitus

<p>High blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term glycemic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration of solutes in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular filtration of more glucose than the kidneys can absorb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of insulin leading to breakdown of fat stores into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GHRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion of excess glucose in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessing average blood glucose concentration over 2-3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$25-50$ ml per kilogram of body weight over a 24-hour period</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate refrigeration after collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor the number of times the dog urinates in a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluating fructosamine's ability to reduce tetrazolium salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-20 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collect the sample in a yellow vacutainer tube containing fluoride-oxalate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus affects blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cats and dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing's Disease (PPID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrange a clinical waste collection from the local council</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Take measures to avoid water contamination and release of toxic pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low glycemic index complex carbs and increased fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogies and visual aids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited insulin options for dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affordability of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures proper management of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing the volume of wastes generated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Universal, long-term improvement&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improving waste segregation strategies and systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poorly-controlled blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive thirst and urination with normal blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of basic terminology to avoid overcomplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Commitment and support' for universal, long-term improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main difference is in the underlying cause; diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficient or ineffective insulin, while diabetes insipidus is caused by impaired secretion of or response to the pituitary hormone vasopressin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoadrenocorticism is characterized by insufficient production of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high fructosamine level indicates poor long-term glycemic control in diabetic dogs and cats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary stimulus for the secretion of glucocorticoids is stress or the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent treatment is essential for maintaining stable blood glucose levels and avoiding complications associated with diabetes mellitus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical waste should be disposed of properly according to local regulations and guidelines, to prevent environmental and health hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic diuresis occurs when the amount of glucose in the urine exceeds the capacity of the kidney tubules to reabsorb it, drawing water into the urine by osmosis and increasing the volume of urine produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum fructosamine is a complex of glucose and protein formed when glucose binds to serum proteins. It is used to assess the average blood glucose concentration in dogs and cats over the previous 2-3 weeks, providing information on glycaemic control in diabetic animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common causes include diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease), hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease), and neoplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical water intake for a dog is 1-2ml per kilogram of body weight every hour, equating to roughly 25-50ml/kg over a 24-hour period. Owners can assess increased drinking by monitoring the number of water bowls used and observing signs of restlessness and increased urination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Owners should collect a morning urine sample, preferably the first urination, using a free catch technique into a sterile container. The sample should be immediately refrigerated before analysis and brought to room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The correct technique involves cleansing the area, applying a tourniquet, inserting the needle at a 30-45 degree angle, and securely holding the vessel to prevent movement during blood collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus leads to polyuria as the excess glucose in the urine draws water into the urine by osmosis, increasing the volume of urine produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased serum fructosamine is linked to diabetes mellitus and indicates elevated blood glucose levels. It helps distinguish glycaemic control by reflecting average blood glucose concentration over the previous 2-3 weeks, unaffected by short-term increases in serum glucose such as those due to stress and excitement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting practices to reduce waste volume, developing waste segregation strategies, using safer alternatives, raising awareness of risks, and selecting safe management options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating blood glucose with insulin injections, dietary change, and home monitoring of blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricted fat, increased complex carbs, low GI complex carbs, and minimal added sugars and salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use analogies and visual aids, employ the chunk and check method, use basic terminology, and provide educational material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectations, time commitment, excessive planning, constant monitoring, stressful responsibility, emotional stress, financial factors, and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time commitment, lifelong commitment, financial costs, decision on euthanasia, constant monitoring, and difficult conversations with owners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce waste volume and select safe and environmentally-friendly management options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to regulate and utilize glucose properly due to ineffective insulin production or insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collect in a yellow vacutainer tube with fluoride-oxalate as a preservative to inhibit glycolysis. Invert the tube in a figure of 8 to ensure good mixing without causing hemolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, cataracts, weakness, decreased appetite, hepatomegaly, lethargy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus involves issues with insulin production or resistance, leading to high blood sugar. Diabetes insipidus is unrelated to insulin and causes extreme thirst and urination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1: inability to produce insulin; Type 2: cells become resistant to insulin's effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cats, dogs, apes, pigs, sheep, ferrets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) or Cushing's Disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrange clinical waste collection from the local council or vet clinic. Use yellow sharps box for sharps and arrange a sharps collection when full.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid inadequate incineration, release of chemical substances, and water contamination. Increase attention and diligence in waste management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin - increased glucose concentrations, increased parasympathetic nerve activity; Glucagon - decreased glucose concentrations, increased sympathetic nerve activity; Adrenaline (epinephrine) - acetylcholine release from preganglionic nerve fibres; Growth hormone (GH) - hypoglycemia can trigger secretion, and the main regulator is GHRH; Progesterone - GnRH stimulates LH and FSH; Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) - secretion is stimulated by stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin - islets of Langerhans, Beta cells; Glucagon - islets of Langerhans, Alpha cells; Adrenaline (epinephrine) - adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells; Growth hormone (GH) - somatotrophs in anterior pituitary; Progesterone - gonadotroph in anterior pituitary gland; Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) - adrenal cortex, zona fasciculata</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin - binds to cell surface receptors, activates downstream signaling, causes glycogen synthesis, decrease in glycogenolysis, and decrease in gluconeogenesis; Glucagon - binds to cell surface receptors, activates downstream signaling, causes mobilization of glucose from the liver, increases glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenaline binds to cell surface receptors or nuclear receptors, either activates downstream signaling or protein synthesis; Effects: increases blood glucose concentrations, mainly in the liver, promotes hepatic glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulus: hypoglycemia can trigger secretion, and the main regulator is GHRH; GH stimulates liver by receptors on the cell membrane, releasing IGF-1, which binds to receptors on the cell membrane, triggering downstream signaling. This results in increased glucose production through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis from the liver and kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone binds to cytosolic or nuclear receptors, activates protein synthesis of specific proteins; The primary effect of progesterone is to divert glucose utilization away from muscle and fat to other tissues and promote more storage of glycogen in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulus: stress, higher brain centers, hypothalamus; Glucocorticoids are lipid soluble, diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to cytosol receptors, and influence the transcription of specific genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pancreas is located in the dorsal section of the epigastric and mesogastric abdominal segments, caudal to the liver. It is divided into the right lobe, left lobe, and body. The right lobe is thin and slender, and the left lobe is shorter, thicker, and wide. The right lobe extends caudally from the body of the pancreas along the body of the duodenum, while the left lobe extends left and caudally (caudosinistrally) from the body to the hilum of the spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing the volume of wastes generated = Promoting practices that aim to minimize the amount of waste produced in healthcare facilities Improving waste segregation = Developing systems and strategies to effectively separate different types of healthcare waste for proper disposal and recycling Using safer alternatives where feasible = Employing alternative methods such as autoclaving over incineration to ensure safer and environmentally-friendly waste management Raising awareness of health-care waste risks = Educating individuals about the potential dangers associated with healthcare waste and the importance of safe management options</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricted fat = Including limited fat content in the dog's diet to manage diabetes mellitus More complex carbs and increased fiber = Incorporating carbohydrates with slow burn and higher fiber content in the dog's diet to regulate blood sugar levels Low GI complex carbs and minimal sugars/salts = Selecting carbohydrates with low glycemic index and minimizing added sugars and salts in the dog's diet Special food for dogs with diabetes = Providing specific dietary options tailored for dogs with diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huge commitment – lifelong condition = lifelong treatment = Recognizing the long-term commitment required for managing a dog's diabetes mellitus Excessive planning and constant monitoring = Understanding the need for rigorous planning and continuous supervision in treating a dog with diabetes mellitus Limited insulin licensed for dogs = Considering the limited availability of approved insulin preparations for dogs, posing a challenge in treatment Euthanasia as a consideration = Acknowledging that some owners may contemplate euthanasia due to the challenges associated with caring for a diabetic dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time commitment and costs of treatment = Balancing the time and financial commitments required for managing a dog's diabetes mellitus Constant monitoring and excessive planning = Dealing with the demanding task of continuous supervision and meticulous preparation in caring for a diabetic dog Euthanasia as a humane option = Confronting the ethical question of whether euthanasia is a compassionate choice for a diabetic dog Difficult conversations with owners = Navigating sensitive discussions with pet owners about various options for managing their dog's diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use analogies and visual aids = Employing visual representations and relatable comparisons to convey complex information effectively Chunk and check method = Breaking down information into manageable chunks and verifying understanding at each stage Basic terminology use = Utilizing simple language to avoid overwhelming clients with technical terms Supply educational material = Providing clients with additional resources or materials to aid their understanding of their animal's care</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>carbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>safer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>twice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>treats</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lifelong</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers