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Questions and Answers
What primarily causes hunger in animals?
What primarily causes hunger in animals?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with polyphagia in animals?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with polyphagia in animals?
What term describes the ingestion of non-food materials by animals?
What term describes the ingestion of non-food materials by animals?
Which factor is least likely to cause anophagia in animals?
Which factor is least likely to cause anophagia in animals?
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Which condition does NOT represent a disturbance in appetite?
Which condition does NOT represent a disturbance in appetite?
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Which of the following is a complication of allotriophagia?
Which of the following is a complication of allotriophagia?
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Which condition is characterized by prolonged and complete deprivation of food?
Which condition is characterized by prolonged and complete deprivation of food?
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What is a common effect of starvation in the final stages when fat stores are depleted?
What is a common effect of starvation in the final stages when fat stores are depleted?
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Which of the following best describes inanition?
Which of the following best describes inanition?
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Which condition includes the syndrome of weight loss despite an adequate food supply?
Which condition includes the syndrome of weight loss despite an adequate food supply?
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Study Notes
Veterinary Internal Medicine - General Systemic States
- Chapter 1: General Systemic States, covering disturbances of appetite, food intake, and nutritional status.
- Instructor: Prof. Hosam Ibrahim, Dr. Mahmoud Abdelnaeem (BVSc, MVSc, PhD).
- Level: 4 Students, General Program.
Disturbances of Appetite
- Hunger: A purely local sensation arising from gastric hypermotility, often due to lack of distension by food.
- Appetite: A conditioned reflex depending on past experiences with palatable food, expressing the degree of hunger. Measured by feed intake.
- Increased Appetite (Hyperorexia): Usually a result of increased hunger contractions, manifested by increased food intake (polyphagia).
- Partial Loss of Appetite (Inappetance): Manifested by varying degrees of reduced food intake, ranging from anorexia to aphagia.
- Complete Loss of Appetite (Anorexia): Complete lack of appetite for food.
- Abnormal Appetite (Pica/Allotriophagia): The animal engulfs strange substances instead of normal food. This can be a symptom of various conditions.
- Polyphagia (Hyperorexia): The desire to overeat, often associated with specific diseases.
Causes of Appetite Disturbances
- Starvation: A common cause of appetite and nutritional disturbances.
- Functional Diarrhea: Associated with appetite changes.
- Pancreatic Insufficiency: In pet animals, this condition can cause appetite issues.
- Metabolic Diseases: Examples include diabetes mellitus (in pets) and hyperthyroidism.
- Internal Parasitism: Gastrointestinal parasites are a significant cause affecting appetite.
Anorexia (Aphagia) Causes
- Physical Factors: Mouth or pharynx pain (stomatitis, pharyngitis)..
- Lack of Desire to Eat: Appetite loss, including related conditions.
- Hyperthermia/Toxemia/Fever: These factors decrease hunger contractions.
- Nutrient Deficiencies: Like zinc, cobalt, and thiamine insufficiency.
- Alimentary Tract Stasis: Severe pain, excitement, and fear.
- Anxiety: Stress responses and other emotional factors.
- Excitement of Estrus: Hormonal influence affecting appetite.
- New Surroundings Stress and environment.
- Loss of Newborn: Stress and environment
- Bad Weather: Stress and environment.
- Tick or Other Insect Worry: Stress and environment.
Pica (Allotriophagia)
- Causes: Salt deficiency (e.g., cobalt and phosphorus), chronic abdominal pain (peritonitis or gastritis), central nervous system (CNS) disturbances (e.g., rabies, ketosis).
- Forms of Pica: Osteophagia (Chewing Bones), Coprophagia (Eating Feces), Infantophagia (eating of young fetus).
Complications of Appetite Disturbances
- Allotriophagia: Can lead to serious health problems like obstruction, perforation, death due to cannibalism, poisoning (e.g., lead poisoning, botulism).
Starvation and Inanition (Malnutrition)
- Starvation: Prolonged deprivation of food leading to rapid depletion of glycogen stores, fat, and protein; ketosis, acidosis.
- Inanition: Incomplete starvation, where insufficient amounts of essential nutrients are offered to the animal. This is more common than complete starvation clinically.
Weight Loss (Ill-Thrift)
- Causes: Nutritional deficiencies (energy, essential minerals), excessive protein and carbohydrate loss, chronic conditions.
- Protein Loss in Digestion: Include conditions like ulcerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, exudation through intestinal mucosa, lymphatic disorders, bleeding in the intestines due to neoplasms.
- Protein Loss in Urine: Conditions such as chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus cause glucosuria, leading to weight loss.
Assessing Weight Loss
- Diagnosis: Identifying the cause of weight loss involves assessing total food intake, clinicopathological tests, and digestion absorption tests.
Shortfalls in Performance (Animals)
- Assessment: Comparing performance to peers, considering similar environmental and management conditions.
- Causes: Factors like nutrition, inherited traits, environmental factors, and general management.
- Examples of Causes: Inadequate energy, protein, etc., genetic background, shelter, and housing issues, population density impacting resource availability. Disease wastages (both clinical and subclinical) such as mastitis, metabolic profiles, fecal egg counts.
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Description
Explore Chapter 1 of Veterinary Internal Medicine focused on general systemic states, particularly disturbances of appetite, food intake, and nutritional status in animals. This quiz will cover various conditions such as hyperorexia, inappetance, and anorexia, providing insight into the challenges of appetite regulation in veterinary medicine.
