Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the most important factor influencing the success of treatment for an avulsed tooth?
Which type of teeth are usually associated with familial delayed eruption in certain breeds?
What characterizes a supernumerary tooth?
What dental condition involves the fusion of tooth germs along the entire length of the tooth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant risk of impacted teeth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common breed or condition associated with Pectus Excavatum?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following tools is used for diagnosing Pectus Excavatum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a recommended treatment for Achilles Tendon Injury?
Signup and view all the answers
Which breed is commonly associated with Fibrotic Myopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition may lead a young adult dog to experience cat-like tail flaccidity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic symptom of the Knees and Teeth Syndrome in cats?
Signup and view all the answers
Which option indicates a clinical sign related to Carpal Hyperflexion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is often NOT indicated for Fibrotic Myopathy due to its non-painful nature?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common consequence of persistent deciduous teeth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which breed is most associated with gingival hyperplasia?
Signup and view all the answers
What surgical technique is typically recommended for treating an oronasal fistula?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions can lead to a pathological fracture?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following teeth is most commonly associated with a tooth root abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of feline alveolar osteitis?
Signup and view all the answers
For a traumatic dentoalveolar injury, what is the main risk if pulpal exposure is untreated?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is essential in the management of temporomandibular joint disorder in dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is indicative of possible nerve dysfunction in the dog?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a non-surgical treatment option listed for the dog's condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is NOT mentioned as a cause of the dog's health issues?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the observed symptoms that directly affects the dog's mobility?
Signup and view all the answers
What surgical procedure may be necessary for treating severe cases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key symptom associated with dysautonomia in dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of paralysis is associated with an immune-mediated response and often follows a raccoon bite?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic tool is essential for confirming coonhound paralysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom differentiates the early phase of canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) from typical signs of paralysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the expected prognosis timeline for recovery from coonhound paralysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT typically observed in a case of botulism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment is considered ineffective for dogs diagnosed with canine DM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common initial clinical sign in cases of botulism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a diagnostic finding expected in early canine DM?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of administering 0.05% pilocarpine in a case of dysautonomia?
Signup and view all the answers
What are common symptoms of tick bite paralysis in dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic method is crucial for identifying SRMA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common outcome for dogs with brachial plexus avulsion?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes caudal avulsion from other types of spinal injuries?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment method is recommended for severe tick bite paralysis cases?
Signup and view all the answers
Spondylosis deformans is primarily characterized by which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant risk if tick paralysis is not treated promptly?
Signup and view all the answers
Which breed is more commonly associated with congenital lumbosacral stenosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom may indicate spondylosis deformans in dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment might be used in the long-term for SRMA if pleocytosis persists?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pectus Excavatum
- More common in brachycephalic breeds and Bengal dogs
- Commonly seen in males
- The condition appears between 4 weeks and 3 months of age
- Sternum and coastal cartilage deformity leading to chest narrowing
- Secondary respiratory and cardiovascular issues
- Some patients may exhibit "swimmer syndrome" with limb adduction issues and sternal recumbency
- Diagnosis can be made using the frontosagittal index and vertebral index
- Treatments include external coaptation, partial or total sternectomy, or a combination of both
Carpal Hyperflexion
- Non-clinical cases may become clinical later in life
- More common in medium and large breeds, notably Doberman and Shar-Pei
- Often occurs between 6-16 weeks of age
Achilles Tendon Injury
- Often self-limiting
- Bandaging and caloric restriction are recommended
Gastrocnemius and Other Tendon Injuries
- Includes injuries to the combined tendon of biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and gracilis
- SDF tendon injury common in Labradors and Dobermans
- Can lead to dropped hock, plantigrade stance, and tarsal hyperflexion
- Treatment may involve casting, splinting, or calcaneotibial screws (often with ESF without calcaneal avulsion)
- Avulsed midsubstance tears may require wire or suture repair, different techniques like 3-loop pulley or locking loop can also be applied
- Platelet-rich plasma injections can be used for chronic cases
Fibrotic Myopathy of Caudal Thigh Muscle
- Fibrosis of the semitendinosus or gracilis muscle in German Shepherds
- Unknown cause, potential prior muscle trauma may play a role
- Limb abnormalities include distal hindlimb adduction and tibial/metatarsal inward rotation
- Band resection may be needed, but fibrosis often recurs
- Surgery may not be indicated as the condition often isn't painful
Caudal Myopathy
- Flaccid paralysis or paresis of the tail due to ischemic injury of coccygeal muscles in young adult dogs
- Acute phase: tail is flaccid and straight down
- Recovery phase: tail may hang to one side
- Supportive care is required
Knees and Teeth Syndrome
- Cats become lame at 2 years of age
- Persistent deciduous teeth and non-traumatic bilateral patellar luxation or fracture are common symptoms
- Osteosclerotic disorder
- Surgical repairs often fail, conservative treatments are often recommended
Persistent Deciduous Teeth
- Genetic component
- Risk of bacterial invasion and plague accumulation
- Permanent teeth can be malpositioned due to altered natural positioning
- Removal is necessary as there is no resorption process
- Removal timeframes vary: incisors - 3 months, canines and molars - 5-7 months
Dentigerous Cyst
- Can lead to pathological fracture
- Most common in the mandibular 1st PM, followed by the canine tooth
- Surgical removal of unerupted teeth and the cyst lining is required
- Common in brachycephalic breeds
Feline Alveolar Osteitis
- Commonly found over maxillary canine roots in middle-aged cats
- Secondary to periodontal inflammation
- Differentiation from benign alveolar bone expansion is important (no inflammation in the case of benign expansion)
- Thickening or bulging over maxillary canine roots, usually bilateral
Gingival Hyperplasia
- Common in Boxer and Great Dane (genetic in Boxers)
- Thickening and increase in height of attached gingiva and gingival margin
- Pseudopockets often form, increasing pocket depth but not due to attachment loss
- Chronic and recurring problem requiring repeated therapy
- Gingivectomy and gingivoplasty are common treatments
- Caused by chronic inflammatory response to bacteria in plaque, often associated with periodontal disease
Oronasal Fistula
- Maxillary canines are the most commonly affected, followed by the palatal root of the maxillary 4th PM
- More frequent in dolichocephalic breeds, especially Dachshunds
- Advanced periodontitis, trauma, and neoplasia are common causes
- Probing is used for diagnosis
- Full thickness flap or double reposition flap are common surgical approaches
- Bone grafts and ear cartilage may be considered
Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
- Retroarticular process helps prevent caudal luxation of the mandible
- Most luxations occur rostrodorsal
- Common in Basset Hounds
- Manual reduction can be attempted
- Open-mouth mandible locking requires immediate attention
- Surgical excision of the ventral portion of the zygo arch and/or the dorsal portion of the coronoid process may be necessary
Tooth Root Abscess
- Maxillary 4th PM, canine, and mandibular 1st M are most commonly affected
- "Phoenix abscess" refers to acute worsening of chronic periapical abscess
- Can arise without bacteria involvement
Traumatic Dentoalveolar Injury
- Includes dental fractures or luxations
- Untreated pulpal exposure can lead to pulpitis, necrosis, and periapical pathology
Avulsion
- The most important factor for determining treatment outcome is periodontal ligament vitality
- Good prognosis if replanted within 30-60 minutes
- Place tooth in saline water
- Vital pulpotomy is reserved for young patients within 48 hours of injury
Unerupted Teeth
- Embedded/Impacted:
- Teeth form naturally but fail to erupt properly
- Increased risk of cyst formation
- Familial delayed eruption is seen in Tibetan and Weather terriers
- Toy breeds have slower eruption times
- Brachycephalic and toy breeds are predisposed to impacted teeth due to crowding
- Embedded teeth are unerupted teeth in bone
- Impacted teeth are partially or unerupted teeth prevented from eruption by a physical barrier
- Most common unerupted teeth: mandibular 1st premolar and 3rd molar
Abnormal Tooth Formation
-
Supernumerary:
- If causes crowding, extraction is recommended
- Reduced tooth number
- Anodontia: no teeth develop at all
- Hypodontia: failure to develop few teeth
- Oligodontia: failure to develop several teeth
- Radiographs are needed to assess
-
Germination:
-
A single germ may divide, causing a split in the crown (bifid crown)
-
Radiographs can confirm, only one root present
-
Twinning:
-
Two complete teeth form from one tooth bud
-
Concresence:
-
Tooth germs fuse via cementum alone
-
Fusion:
-
Tooth germs fuse completely along the entire length of the tooth
-
Dens invaginatus/carnassial tooth malformation:
-
Tooth invaginates on itself at crown or root level
-
Invagination can lead to bacterial entry into the pulp and endodontic complications
-
Dysautonomia
- Failure of autonomic function in multiple organs with minimal motor or sensory involvement
- Young adults, rural dogs, are most commonly affected
- Common gastrointestinal signs include vomiting, regurgitation, or diarrhea
- Other symptoms involve photophobia, third eyelid elevation, dyspnea, urine dribbling, lack of tears and gut sounds, and aspiration pneumonia
- Cause is unknown
- Pupil involvement is key for diagnosis:
- 0.05% pilocarpine in one eye should produce miosis within 60 minutes, ruling out anticholinergic toxicity
- Atropine may not produce expected heart rate rise, suggesting loss of vagal tone
- Intradermal histamine may produce no response or a wheal but no flare
- Treatment is supportive; guarded prognosis; some cats may be managed supportively and stay well
Coonhound Paralysis
- Etiology is unknown, potentially immune-mediated
- Inflammation is delayed, developing 7-14 days later
- Toxoplasma gondii titres are often positive in affected dogs
- May occur following raccoon bites, systemic illness, or vaccination
- Idiopathic type: may have a recent respiratory or GI infection; clinical signs identical to coonhound paralysis but without raccoon bite
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) most severely affected, particularly ventral nerve roots; lumbosacral roots most affected
- Central nervous system (CNS): nerve 7 often affected, 9 and 10 occasionally
- Respiratory failure is a risk
- Initial presentation: stiff, stilted gait in all limbs, starting in pelvic limbs and progressing to forelimbs
- Rapid progression to flaccid LMN tetraparesis or plegia within 2-4 days
- Loss or change of voice is common
- Diagnosis: Electromyography (EMG) - fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves are consistent with denervation. May be normal in the first 4-5 days.
- Treatment: Supportive; no specific treatment exists. IV immunoglobulin may be helpful. Prednisone is not effective.
- Stabilize once progressive phase subsides; full recovery in 3-6 weeks, some require months
Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
- Progressive adult-onset fatal disease
- SOD1 mutation plays a role
- Homozygotes are at the highest risk, particularly Bernese Mountain Dogs
- Genetic testing is available
- Diagnosis:
- Early phase: UMN paraplegia, insidious progression, asymmetric gait ataxia, long stride spastic paraparesis. Key feature - loss of paraspinal hyperesthesia, spinal reflexes are present or increased.
- Later phase: pelvic limb paresis leads to tetraparesis. Muscle mass loss.
- End stage: flaccid tetraparesis; absence of spinal reflexes in all limbs, urinary and fecal incontinence
- Treatment: Supportive
- Non-ambulatory paraplegia occurs within 9-12 months of onset
- Tetraparesis may develop within 3 years (long-term poor prognosis)
Botulism
- Preformed neurotoxin type C is found in uncooked carrier and raw food
- Interferes with acetylcholine release at the junction
- LMN paresis/paralysis starts in pelvic limbs, progressing to quadriplegia
- Muscle tone is reduced in all limbs
- Normal mentation, sluggish pupillary light reflex, palpebral reflexes, reduced jaw tone, gag reflex, saliva, and dysphonia
- Initial stiff short stride gait without ataxia is often seen
- Diagnosis: Definitive diagnosis relies on detection of botulinum toxin in serum, feces, vomitus, or ingested food samples. Anti-C botulinum neurotoxin antibodies can be helpful.
- Treatment: Recent developments include gastric lavage, enemas. Supportive treatment is crucial. Type C antitoxin may cause anaphylaxis.
- Ineffective for bound toxins
Tick Bite Paralysis
- Symptoms include hindlimb weakness progressing to stiff forelimb gait and flaccid paralysis.
- Rapidly ascending flaccid generalized LMN paralysis is common.
- Symptoms include: more severe neurological issues within hours (ascending motor weakness, depressed gag reflex, dysphonia, megaesophagus, vomiting/regurgitation, mydriasis, tachyarrhythmia, pulmonary edema, and respiratory depression).
- Diagnosis: tick identification and neurotoxin interference testing. North American tick species can have more pronounced symptoms at higher temperatures.
- Treatment: Supportive care, including applying fipronil and using a tick antitoxin hyperimmune serum. Pre-medication with atropine is necessary in severe cases. Death from respiratory paralysis is a risk if untreated within 1-2 days.
Brachial Plexus Avulsion
- Complete avulsion involves C5-T2 nerve roots (most common).
- Symptoms include: marked weakness due to supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle atrophy, dropped elbow, and possibly diaphragm hemiplegia.
- Diagnosis: Neurological examination, often showing less damage to dorsal sensory nerves; ventral motor nerve roots are more susceptible.
- Treatment: Supportive care; protective wrap or boot. Cranial avulsions generally have a better prognosis than complete avulsions.
Spinal Cord Injuries
- Caudal Avulsion (C7-T2): Inability to bear weight, knuckling over dorsum of paw, and abnormal limb positions with analgesia distal to elbows.
- Treatment: May require amputation due to potential carpal fusion and transposition of the biceps muscle tendon. Supportive care is essential.
SRMA (Acute or Protracted)
- Symptoms: Lesions in the CNS, meninges, or genetic factors (e.g., beagles); acute hyperesthesia, cervical rigidity, stiff gait, and fever may be indicative.
- Diagnosis: Complete diagnostic assessments, including CSF analysis (pleocytosis) will be needed.
- Treatment: Initial therapy includes fluid therapy, ice packs for acute symptoms, and NSAIDs. Long-term treatment may necessitate switching to Prednisone depending on continued pleocytosis results and severity. Adding other immune drugs may also be beneficial or necessary.
Spondylosis Deformans
- Description: Degenerative noninflammatory condition of the vertebral column, possibly arising from IVDD degeneration. Osteophyte production along the ventral, lateral, and dorsolateral aspects of vertebral endplates is common.
- Prevalence: Most common in the thoracic-lumbar spine areas of anticlinal vertebrae and upper lumbar vertebrae. More common in females, larger breeds (e.g., German Shepherds), and older animals. Brachycephalic breeds like Boxers may also be predisposed. Cats may also display symptoms, though less commonly.
- Symptoms: Often asymptomatic, making it an incidental finding in routine exams.
- Treatment: No specific treatment. Symptomatic management may include pain control, depending on severity.
Lumbosacral Stenosis and Cauda Equina Syndrome
- Description: Narrowing of the LS vertebral canal and L7-sacral intervertebral foramina can compress L7, sacral, or caudal nerves.
- Etiology: May be congenital or acquired. Congenital cases are more prevalent in smaller to medium-sized dogs (e.g., Border Collies).
- Treatment: Depends on the diagnosis and severity.
Dog's Health Information
- Dog's breed: Medium to large German Shepherd, possibly a Border Collie
- Symptoms: Lumbosacral pain, pelvic limb lameness; urinary or fecal incontinence (if S1-3 nerve dysfunction); abnormal tail carriage.
- Cause: IVDD type 1 and 2, congenital, hypertrophy of the interarcuate ligament
- Treatment: Non-surgical: Pain medication (carprofen, gabapentin); Epidural steroid. Surgical (if needed): Dorsal laminectomy; lateral foraminotomy; Fixation-fusion.
- Post-Surgical Restrictions: Restrict activity for 6-12 weeks after surgery
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore various veterinary conditions, including Pectus Excavatum, Carpal Hyperflexion, and Achilles Tendon Injuries, often seen in specific dog breeds. Learn about diagnosis, treatments, and the implications of these conditions on young dogs. This quiz is tailored for veterinary students and professionals.
