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Questions and Answers
Which type of tolerance involves the killing or rendering harmless of immature self-reactive T and B lymphocyte clones during their maturation in the thymus and bone marrow?
Which type of tolerance involves the killing or rendering harmless of immature self-reactive T and B lymphocyte clones during their maturation in the thymus and bone marrow?
Where does the first change to an early thymic immigrant, immature T cells, occur during their maturation?
Where does the first change to an early thymic immigrant, immature T cells, occur during their maturation?
What is the first step in T-cell development and maturation?
What is the first step in T-cell development and maturation?
What is the main role of immature T cells in the thymus during positive selection?
What is the main role of immature T cells in the thymus during positive selection?
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What is the outcome for immature bone marrow B cells undergoing negative selection if they are self-reactive?
What is the outcome for immature bone marrow B cells undergoing negative selection if they are self-reactive?
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What is the main role of regulatory T cells in peripheral tolerance mechanisms?
What is the main role of regulatory T cells in peripheral tolerance mechanisms?
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What is thought to be the result of inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells in the eye?
What is thought to be the result of inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells in the eye?
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Which factor is strongly linked to autoimmunity in specific dog breeds?
Which factor is strongly linked to autoimmunity in specific dog breeds?
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What may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects?
What may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects?
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What factors may lead to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity?
What factors may lead to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity?
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Central tolerance involves the killing or rendering harmless of immature self-reactive T and B lymphocyte clones during their maturation in the spleen and lymph nodes.
Central tolerance involves the killing or rendering harmless of immature self-reactive T and B lymphocyte clones during their maturation in the spleen and lymph nodes.
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Thymic maturation is a wasteful process, as about 99% of immature T cells that enter the thymus do not leave, but instead die by apoptosis.
Thymic maturation is a wasteful process, as about 99% of immature T cells that enter the thymus do not leave, but instead die by apoptosis.
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Peripheral tolerance mechanisms are responsible for eliminating or controlling potentially autoreactive T and B lymphocytes in the primary lymphoid organs.
Peripheral tolerance mechanisms are responsible for eliminating or controlling potentially autoreactive T and B lymphocytes in the primary lymphoid organs.
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Immature bone marrow B cells undergo positive selection, leading to further gene rearrangement if self-reactive and deletion by apoptosis if not.
Immature bone marrow B cells undergo positive selection, leading to further gene rearrangement if self-reactive and deletion by apoptosis if not.
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Thymic epithelial cells play a minor role in central tolerance by presenting a limited range of normal tissue antigens through low autophagy levels.
Thymic epithelial cells play a minor role in central tolerance by presenting a limited range of normal tissue antigens through low autophagy levels.
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Antigen sequestration can lead to self-reactive immune responses, as antigens not expressed in the thymus or in immunologically privileged sites may never be exposed to the immune system.
Antigen sequestration can lead to self-reactive immune responses, as antigens not expressed in the thymus or in immunologically privileged sites may never be exposed to the immune system.
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Autoimmunity may occur due to the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty, long after T cell system development, leading to potential injury and subsequent autoimmunity.
Autoimmunity may occur due to the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty, long after T cell system development, leading to potential injury and subsequent autoimmunity.
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The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is thought to be a result of stimulatory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is thought to be a result of stimulatory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
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Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in cats and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in cats and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
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Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects.
Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects.
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Explain the concept of self-tolerance in the context of autoimmunity and the mechanisms involved in achieving self-tolerance.
Explain the concept of self-tolerance in the context of autoimmunity and the mechanisms involved in achieving self-tolerance.
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Describe the process of T-cell development and maturation, including the role of the thymus and the outcome for immature T cells.
Describe the process of T-cell development and maturation, including the role of the thymus and the outcome for immature T cells.
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What are the two main categories of self-tolerance mechanisms, and how do they contribute to preventing autoimmunity?
What are the two main categories of self-tolerance mechanisms, and how do they contribute to preventing autoimmunity?
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What are the two main tolerance mechanisms that immature T cells undergo in the thymus?
What are the two main tolerance mechanisms that immature T cells undergo in the thymus?
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What are the two main peripheral tolerance mechanisms that prevent immune reactions against self-antigens?
What are the two main peripheral tolerance mechanisms that prevent immune reactions against self-antigens?
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What are the two immunosuppressive cytokines secreted by regulatory T cells to inhibit lymphocyte activation and effector functions?
What are the two immunosuppressive cytokines secreted by regulatory T cells to inhibit lymphocyte activation and effector functions?
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What are some factors influencing the occurrence of autoimmune diseases in animals?
What are some factors influencing the occurrence of autoimmune diseases in animals?
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How are specific dog breeds susceptible to autoimmune diseases?
How are specific dog breeds susceptible to autoimmune diseases?
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What is the result of the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?
What is the result of the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?
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What may trigger autoimmune responses in animals?
What may trigger autoimmune responses in animals?
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Central tolerance: immature self-reactive T and B lymphocyte clones that recognise selfantigens during their maturation in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells) are killed or rendered harmless. This occurs during the development and maturation of T and B cells in the primary lymphoid organs.
Central tolerance: immature self-reactive T and B lymphocyte clones that recognise selfantigens during their maturation in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells) are killed or rendered harmless. This occurs during the development and maturation of T and B cells in the primary lymphoid organs.
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T-cell development and maturation: T cells are created within the bone marrow and exported via the blood to the thymus for their final development and maturation. Thymic maturation is a very wasteful process, as some 99% of immature T cells that enter the thymus do not leave, but instead die by apoptosis. The first change to an early ______ immigrant is that the immature T cells forms and expresses a TCR.
T-cell development and maturation: T cells are created within the bone marrow and exported via the blood to the thymus for their final development and maturation. Thymic maturation is a very wasteful process, as some 99% of immature T cells that enter the thymus do not leave, but instead die by apoptosis. The first change to an early ______ immigrant is that the immature T cells forms and expresses a TCR.
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What is Self-tolerance (______ tolerance). It is the ability of the immune system to tolerate the self-antigens that comprise the tissues of the body. In order to achieve self-tolerance, potentially autoreactive T and B lymphocytes must be brought under control. The mechanisms of self-tolerance can be broadly classified into two groups: central and peripheral tolerance.
What is Self-tolerance (______ tolerance). It is the ability of the immune system to tolerate the self-antigens that comprise the tissues of the body. In order to achieve self-tolerance, potentially autoreactive T and B lymphocytes must be brought under control. The mechanisms of self-tolerance can be broadly classified into two groups: central and peripheral tolerance.
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Immature ______ B cells undergo a similar negative selection process, leading to deletion by apoptosis if self-reactive or further gene rearrangement if not.
Immature ______ B cells undergo a similar negative selection process, leading to deletion by apoptosis if self-reactive or further gene rearrangement if not.
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______ secrete immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β, inhibiting lymphocyte activation and effector functions.
______ secrete immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β, inhibiting lymphocyte activation and effector functions.
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Central tolerance in the thymus and bone marrow is ______, allowing self-reactive lymphocytes bearing receptors for non-present autoantigens to escape into the periphery.
Central tolerance in the thymus and bone marrow is ______, allowing self-reactive lymphocytes bearing receptors for non-present autoantigens to escape into the periphery.
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Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in ______ and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in ______ and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
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The occurrence of autoimmune diseases is influenced by factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and ______, with a reduction in cell-mediated immune function.
The occurrence of autoimmune diseases is influenced by factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and ______, with a reduction in cell-mediated immune function.
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Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and triggers like ______ can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and triggers like ______ can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
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Factors leading to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections altering tissue antigens, reduced Treg cell function, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and ______.
Factors leading to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections altering tissue antigens, reduced Treg cell function, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and ______.
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What is the result of central tolerance mechanisms in the thymus and bone marrow?
What is the result of central tolerance mechanisms in the thymus and bone marrow?
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What is the main role of immature T cells in the thymus during positive selection?
What is the main role of immature T cells in the thymus during positive selection?
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What is the outcome for immature bone marrow B cells undergoing negative selection if they are self-reactive?
What is the outcome for immature bone marrow B cells undergoing negative selection if they are self-reactive?
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Which factor is strongly linked to autoimmunity in specific dog breeds?
Which factor is strongly linked to autoimmunity in specific dog breeds?
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What are the two main categories of self-tolerance mechanisms?
What are the two main categories of self-tolerance mechanisms?
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What is the result of the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?
What is the result of the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?
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Where does positive selection of immature T cells occur?
Where does positive selection of immature T cells occur?
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Which cells undergo negative selection in the thymic medulla?
Which cells undergo negative selection in the thymic medulla?
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What is the role of regulatory T cells in peripheral tolerance mechanisms?
What is the role of regulatory T cells in peripheral tolerance mechanisms?
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What is the outcome of negative selection for immature bone marrow B cells?
What is the outcome of negative selection for immature bone marrow B cells?
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What is the main role of immature bone marrow B cells in central tolerance?
What is the main role of immature bone marrow B cells in central tolerance?
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Which mechanism prevents immune reactions against self-antigens in the periphery?
Which mechanism prevents immune reactions against self-antigens in the periphery?
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What is the main role of the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?
What is the main role of the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?
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What factors may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals?
What factors may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals?
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What is the result of autoimmune diseases involving molecular mimicry?
What is the result of autoimmune diseases involving molecular mimicry?
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What is the main influence on the occurrence of autoimmune diseases in animals?
What is the main influence on the occurrence of autoimmune diseases in animals?
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How may infectious agents trigger autoimmune responses in animals?
How may infectious agents trigger autoimmune responses in animals?
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What is a potential factor leading to the development of autoimmunity in animals?
What is a potential factor leading to the development of autoimmunity in animals?
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What is thought to be strongly linked to autoimmunity in specific dog breeds?
What is thought to be strongly linked to autoimmunity in specific dog breeds?
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What is a potential consequence of the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty in animals?
What is a potential consequence of the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty in animals?
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Study Notes
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases in Veterinary Medicine
- Autoimmunity may occur due to the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty, long after T cell system development, leading to potential injury and subsequent autoimmunity.
- The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is thought to be a result of inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
- Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in dogs and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
- Autoimmunity is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic background, predisposing factors, and environmental triggers.
- Specific dog breeds are susceptible to autoimmune diseases, often occurring within pedigree lines, with genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) strongly linked to autoimmunity.
- The occurrence of autoimmune diseases is influenced by factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and immunosenescence, with a reduction in cell-mediated immune function.
- Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and triggers like trimethoprim-sulphonamides can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
- Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects.
- Autoimmune diseases may involve circulating immune complex deposition, molecular mimicry, and inadvertent extension of the immune response to self-tissue due to inflammatory responses.
- Factors leading to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections altering tissue antigens, reduced Treg cell function, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and drugs.
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases in Veterinary Medicine
- Autoimmunity may occur due to the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty, long after T cell system development, leading to potential injury and subsequent autoimmunity.
- The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is thought to be a result of inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
- Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in dogs and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
- Autoimmunity is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic background, predisposing factors, and environmental triggers.
- Specific dog breeds are susceptible to autoimmune diseases, often occurring within pedigree lines, with genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) strongly linked to autoimmunity.
- The occurrence of autoimmune diseases is influenced by factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and immunosenescence, with a reduction in cell-mediated immune function.
- Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and triggers like trimethoprim-sulphonamides can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
- Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects.
- Autoimmune diseases may involve circulating immune complex deposition, molecular mimicry, and inadvertent extension of the immune response to self-tissue due to inflammatory responses.
- Factors leading to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections altering tissue antigens, reduced Treg cell function, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and drugs.
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases in Veterinary Medicine
- Autoimmunity may occur due to the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty, long after T cell system development, leading to potential injury and subsequent autoimmunity.
- The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is thought to be a result of inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
- Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in dogs and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
- Autoimmunity is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic background, predisposing factors, and environmental triggers.
- Specific dog breeds are susceptible to autoimmune diseases, often occurring within pedigree lines, with genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) strongly linked to autoimmunity.
- The occurrence of autoimmune diseases is influenced by factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and immunosenescence, with a reduction in cell-mediated immune function.
- Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and triggers like trimethoprim-sulphonamides can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
- Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects.
- Autoimmune diseases may involve circulating immune complex deposition, molecular mimicry, and inadvertent extension of the immune response to self-tissue due to inflammatory responses.
- Factors leading to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections altering tissue antigens, reduced Treg cell function, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and drugs.
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases in Veterinary Medicine
- Autoimmunity may occur due to the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty, long after T cell system development, leading to potential injury and subsequent autoimmunity.
- The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is thought to be a result of inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
- Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in dogs and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
- Autoimmunity is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic background, predisposing factors, and environmental triggers.
- Specific dog breeds are susceptible to autoimmune diseases, often occurring within pedigree lines, with genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) strongly linked to autoimmunity.
- The occurrence of autoimmune diseases is influenced by factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and immunosenescence, with a reduction in cell-mediated immune function.
- Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and triggers like trimethoprim-sulphonamides can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
- Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects.
- Autoimmune diseases may involve circulating immune complex deposition, molecular mimicry, and inadvertent extension of the immune response to self-tissue due to inflammatory responses.
- Factors leading to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections altering tissue antigens, reduced Treg cell function, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and drugs.
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases in Veterinary Medicine
- Autoimmunity may occur due to the appearance of new antigens in the testes at puberty, long after T cell system development, leading to potential injury and subsequent autoimmunity.
- The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is thought to be a result of inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
- Autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are most prevalent in dogs and include conditions such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and others.
- Autoimmunity is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic background, predisposing factors, and environmental triggers.
- Specific dog breeds are susceptible to autoimmune diseases, often occurring within pedigree lines, with genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) strongly linked to autoimmunity.
- The occurrence of autoimmune diseases is influenced by factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, diet, and immunosenescence, with a reduction in cell-mediated immune function.
- Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and triggers like trimethoprim-sulphonamides can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
- Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune responses by upregulating costimulators on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), modifying antigenic structure, or inducing bystander effects.
- Autoimmune diseases may involve circulating immune complex deposition, molecular mimicry, and inadvertent extension of the immune response to self-tissue due to inflammatory responses.
- Factors leading to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections altering tissue antigens, reduced Treg cell function, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and drugs.
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Test your knowledge of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine with this quiz. Explore topics such as genetic influences, environmental triggers, specific dog breeds, and factors contributing to the development of autoimmune conditions in animals.
