MCQ Autoimmunity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is autoimmunity?

  • An immune response to foreign antigens
  • A specific immune response to self-antigens (correct)
  • A response to viral infections
  • An allergic reaction to environmental factors

    • What is self-tolerance in the context of autoimmunity?

  • The ability of the body to reject its own antigens
  • The ability of the immune system to ignore foreign antigens
  • The ability of the immune system to attack self-antigens
  • The ability of the immune system to tolerate the self-antigens that comprise the tissues of the body (correct)

    • What is central tolerance?

  • Elimination of immature self-reactive T and B lymphocyte clones in the thymus and bone marrow (correct)
  • Proliferation of self-reactive T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral tissues
  • Enhancement of self-tolerance in mature T and B lymphocytes
  • Activation of self-reactive T and B lymphocytes in the primary lymphoid organs

    • Where does thymic maturation of T cells take place?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed factor in the development of canine nasal CLE (cutaneous lupus erythematosus)?

    <p>UV light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for causing the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?

    <p>Iris and ciliary body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recognized trigger of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and neutropaenia in animals?

    <p>Trimethoprim-sulphonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed factor contributing to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity?

    <p>Inheritance of susceptibility genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases according to the text?

    <p>Middle to older age animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed environmental factor contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals?

    <p>UV irradiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of ACAID in the eye according to the text?

    <p>Inhibitory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed mechanism through which infectious agents can trigger autoimmune responses?

    <p>Upregulating the expression of costimulators on APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed factor in the development of autoimmunity in the testes after puberty?

    <p>Appearance of new antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed factor contributing to genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases in animals?

    <p>Particular dog breeds and certain genes, especially those of the MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group of animals is more susceptible to autoimmune diseases according to the text?

    <p>Middle to older age animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed factor contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals?

    <p>Triggering factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process undergone by immature T cells in the thymus to ensure their TCR can interact with MHC-peptide complex with moderate affinity?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism used by immature bone marrow B cells when they come into contact with self-antigens?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells mainly inhibit immune reactions against self-antigens through immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β?

    <p>Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which deletion of mature T cells may occur?

    <p>Bim pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the imperfect central tolerance that allows self-reactive lymphocytes to escape into the periphery?

    <p>Central tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the induction of a self-reactive immune response by preventing exposure to self-antigens?

    <p>Antigen sequestration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism used to control autoreactive cells that escape to the periphery?

    <p>Anergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process undergone by immature T cells to prove their TCR is incapable of responding to self-antigens with high affinity?

    <p>Negative selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells express high levels of CD25 and FOXP3 and inhibit immune reactions against self-antigens?

    <p>Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process similar to negative selection of T cells undergone by immature bone marrow B cells?

    <p>Receptor editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which self-reactive lymphocytes are inhibited from causing immune reactions against self-antigens?

    <p>Peripheral tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which immature T cells prove their TCR can interact with MHC-peptide complex with moderate affinity?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do T cells undergo their final development and maturation?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of immature T cells that recognize self-antigens during their maturation in the thymus?

    <p>They are killed or rendered harmless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism used to control autoreactive B cells during their maturation in the bone marrow?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first change to an early thymic immigrant (immature T cell) upon entering the thymus?

    <p>Expression of TCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recognized trigger of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and neutropaenia in animals?

    <p>Trimethoprim-sulphonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed mechanism through which infectious agents can trigger autoimmune responses?

    <p>Upregulating the expression of costimulators on APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process similar to negative selection of T cells undergone by immature bone marrow B cells?

    <p>Receptor editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which immature T cells prove their TCR can interact with MHC-peptide complex with moderate affinity?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which self-reactive lymphocytes are inhibited from causing immune reactions against self-antigens?

    <p>Central tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed environmental factor contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals?

    <p>UV light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed factor contributing to genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases in animals?

    <p>Particular dog breeds and certain genes, especially those of the MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which deletion of mature T cells may occur?

    <p>Peripheral tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed factor contributing to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity?

    <p>Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for causing the anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye?

    <p>Iris and ciliary body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process undergone by immature T cells in the thymus to ensure their TCR can interact with MHC-peptide complex with moderate affinity?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group of animals is more susceptible to autoimmune diseases according to the text?

    <p>Middle to older age animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process undergone by immature T cells in the thymus to ensure their TCR can interact with MHC-peptide complex with moderate affinity?

    <p>Positive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process undergone by immature T cells to prove their TCR is incapable of responding to self-antigens with high affinity?

    <p>Negative selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells express high levels of CD25 and FOXP3 and inhibit immune reactions against self-antigens?

    <p>Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the imperfect central tolerance that allows self-reactive lymphocytes to escape into the periphery?

    <p>Central tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism used to control autoreactive cells that escape to the periphery?

    <p>Regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed factor contributing to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the induction of a self-reactive immune response by preventing exposure to self-antigens?

    <p>Antigen sequestration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism used by immature bone marrow B cells when they come into contact with self-antigens?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed mechanism through which infectious agents can trigger autoimmune responses?

    <p>Molecular mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which deletion of mature T cells may occur?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process similar to negative selection of T cells undergone by immature bone marrow B cells?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proposed environmental factor contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals?

    <p>Exposure to certain chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases in Veterinary Medicine

    • Autoimmunity may occur in the testes after puberty, due to the appearance of new antigens long after T cell tolerance has developed.
    • The anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in the eye is caused by inhibitory cytokines produced by iris and ciliary body cells.
    • Most autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine are organ-specific, with autoimmune diseases being most prevalent in dogs.
    • Examples of autoimmune diseases in veterinary medicine include autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, neutropaenia, pemphigus disorders, polyarthritis, myasthenia gravis, thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, and SLE.
    • Autoimmunity is a multifactorial process involving self-tolerance dysfunction, genetic predisposition, and triggering factors.
    • Genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases is linked to particular dog breeds and certain genes, especially those of the MHC.
    • Predisposing factors for autoimmune diseases in animals include age, gender, lifestyle, and diet, with middle to older age animals being more susceptible.
    • Environmental factors such as UV irradiation, chemicals, infectious agents, and other triggers can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in animals.
    • UV light exposure is proposed to modify the antigenic structure of autoantigens in the skin, leading to the development of canine nasal CLE (cutaneous lupus erythematosus).
    • Trimethoprim-sulphonamides are recognized as triggers of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and neutropaenia in animals.
    • Infectious agents can trigger autoimmune responses through various mechanisms, including upregulating the expression of costimulators on APCs and causing bystander activation.
    • Factors contributing to the loss of self-tolerance and the development of autoimmunity include inheritance of susceptibility genes, infections, immunological imbalance, tissue injury, and environmental factors like UV light and drugs.

    Immune Tolerance Mechanisms

    • Immature T cells in the thymus undergo positive selection, proving their TCR can interact with MHC-peptide complex with moderate affinity and negative selection, proving their TCR is incapable of responding to self-antigens with high affinity.
    • Thymic epithelial cells present a wide range of normal tissue antigens to immature T cells for testing their TCR.
    • Immature bone marrow B cells undergo a process similar to negative selection of T cells, with self-antigen contact leading to apoptosis or receptor editing.
    • Central tolerance is imperfect, allowing self-reactive lymphocytes to escape into the periphery.
    • Peripheral tolerance mechanisms include anergy, suppression by regulatory T cells, and deletion by apoptosis to control autoreactive cells that escape to the periphery.
    • Regulatory T cells, mainly CD4+ cells expressing high levels of CD25 and FOXP3, inhibit immune reactions against self-antigens through immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β.
    • Deletion of mature T cells may occur through the Bim pathway or the Fas-Fas ligand system, which induces apoptosis of activated T cells and self-reactive B cells.
    • Antigen sequestration in immunologically privileged sites, such as the blood-brain barrier or sites with limited MHC expression, may prevent exposure to self-antigens and the induction of a self-reactive immune response.

    Immune Tolerance Mechanisms

    • Immature T cells in the thymus undergo positive selection, proving their TCR can interact with MHC-peptide complex with moderate affinity and negative selection, proving their TCR is incapable of responding to self-antigens with high affinity.
    • Thymic epithelial cells present a wide range of normal tissue antigens to immature T cells for testing their TCR.
    • Immature bone marrow B cells undergo a process similar to negative selection of T cells, with self-antigen contact leading to apoptosis or receptor editing.
    • Central tolerance is imperfect, allowing self-reactive lymphocytes to escape into the periphery.
    • Peripheral tolerance mechanisms include anergy, suppression by regulatory T cells, and deletion by apoptosis to control autoreactive cells that escape to the periphery.
    • Regulatory T cells, mainly CD4+ cells expressing high levels of CD25 and FOXP3, inhibit immune reactions against self-antigens through immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β.
    • Deletion of mature T cells may occur through the Bim pathway or the Fas-Fas ligand system, which induces apoptosis of activated T cells and self-reactive B cells.
    • Antigen sequestration in immunologically privileged sites, such as the blood-brain barrier or sites with limited MHC expression, may prevent exposure to self-antigens and the induction of a self-reactive immune response.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of autoimmunity and immune tolerance mechanisms in veterinary medicine with this quiz. Learn about organ-specific autoimmune diseases, genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, immune tolerance mechanisms, and more.

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