Veterinary Anesthesia Monitoring Quiz

The stage of anesthesia where the animal is relaxed and immobile, but still has some reflexes. This is the ideal plane for surgery.

A method of monitoring the respiratory system during anesthesia by measuring the carbon dioxide levels in exhaled breath.

The number of breaths an animal takes per minute.

A change in the color of the mucous membranes can be a sign of low blood oxygen levels, or hypoxia. This can be a sign of problems with breathing or circulation.

The amount of air that is breathed in with each breath. It can help determine if the animal's lungs are functioning properly.

The measurement of carbon dioxide in expired air. It is a vital tool for monitoring respiratory function.

A normal ETCO2 value is usually between 35 and 45 mmHg. Lower than 35 mmHg is considered hypocapnia, while higher than 45 mmHg is considered hypercapnia.

The most common waveform seen in capnography, It shows the changes in CO2 pressure over a respiratory cycle.

Capnography is a non-invasive, continuous monitoring method that can detect issues early.

Capnography is a method of monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in exhaled breath. It helps assess the respiratory system and its functions during anesthesia.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, written as PaCO2, is a key measure in capnography. It reflects the body's ability to eliminate CO2 through breathing.

A ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when the balance between air flow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs is disrupted. This can affect how efficiently CO2 is eliminated.

Capnography provides insights into the patient's metabolism, cardiac output, and alveolar ventilation. These are all essential aspects of respiratory function.

Sidestream capnography samples a small portion of exhaled breath to measure CO2, while mainstream capnography directly measures CO2 in the exhaled airflow.

A decreased ETCO2 can indicate various issues, such as hypothermia, hypothyroidism, drugs affecting breathing, or problems with cardiac output.

An increased ETCO2 can signal situations like fever, hyperthermia, seizures, or hyperthyroidism. It can also indicate problems with ventilation or CO2 absorption.

Capnography is particularly valuable during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as it reflects the effectiveness of chest compressions and ventilation.

Technical errors in capnography can lead to inaccurate readings. Common errors include disconnection, sampling blockage, ET tube issues, and improper settings.

Observing changes in ETCO2 over time is crucial in monitoring the patient's condition and providing appropriate interventions.

ECG is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart captured on the skin's surface. It primarily helps monitor heart rate and rhythm but can also detect abnormalities like electrolyte imbalances and myocardial hypoxia.

ECG is not a measure of the heart's pumping strength (contractility). It primarily reflects the electrical signals associated with heartbeats.

ECG signals can be distorted by external factors, producing misleading results. Ensure the ECG machine setup is stable and avoid sources of interference.

Heart rate (HR) is the number of times your heart beats per minute. It can be measured through palpation, auscultation, or an ECG.

ECG is used to assess the rhythm of the heart's electrical activity, helping to detect irregular or abnormal heartbeats.

The electrical impulses in the heart can be affected by electrolyte imbalances, which can be detected through ECG.

ECG can detect myocardial hypoxia, a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle, which can be a sign of heart problems.

Auscultation involves listening to the heart sounds with a stethoscope, while palpation involves feeling the heartbeat with your fingers.

The tendency of oxygen to be released from hemoglobin in tissues with high CO2 levels and low pH, while it tends to bind to hemoglobin in tissues with low CO2 and high pH (like the lungs).

Deoxygenated hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO2, while oxygenated hemoglobin has a lower affinity for CO2. This promotes the release of CO2 from the blood in the lungs and its uptake in the tissues.

A measurement of oxygen saturation in the blood, typically expressed as a percentage. It reflects the proportion of the available hemoglobin binding sites that are occupied by oxygen molecules.

A non-invasive method used to monitor SpO2 by measuring light absorption through a finger or earlobe. It utilizes infrared spectroscopy to detect the differences in light absorption by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Pulse oximetry relies on a pulsatile blood signal, preferably from arterial blood, to calculate oxygen saturation. It can be affected by factors like movement, poor peripheral perfusion, and certain pigments like carboxyhemoglobin.

One of the key advantages of capnography is its ability to detect changes in ventilation or respiratory function early, helping to identify potential problems before they become critical.

Pulse oximetry can provide additional information beyond just SpO2, including insights into vascular tone, tissue perfusion, and fluid responsiveness. It can be used in conjunction with other monitoring techniques like echocardiography.

A normal SpO2 range is typically considered to be between 98% and 99%. Hypoxaemia, a condition of low oxygen levels in the blood, is often defined as SpO2 below 90% to 95% or a PaO2 below 60 mmHg.

Pulse oximetry readings can be influenced by factors like pigmentation, carboxyhemoglobin, and methaemoglobin. These can interfere with the measurement and potentially lead to inaccurate readings.

ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart, providing information about its rhythm and function. It's like a heart's EKG!

Lead II is a specific placement of electrodes used in ECG monitoring. It provides a clear view of the heart's electrical activity from the right shoulder to the left leg.

EINTHOVEN'S TRIANGLE is a concept used in ECG to understand the heart's electric activity from various angles. It's a geometric representation of lead placement.

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the arterial walls. It's crucial for blood flow and tissue perfusion.

MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) is an average blood pressure, indicating tissue perfusion during a cardiac cycle.

Systolic Blood Pressure is the highest pressure during a heartbeat, when the heart contracts.

Diastolic Blood Pressure is the lowest pressure during a heartbeat, when the heart relaxes.

Blood pressure values under anaesthesia are significantly lower than those in awake animals; it's important to adjust monitoring and provide appropriate support.