Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which characteristic indicates a deep plane of anaesthesia?
Which characteristic indicates a deep plane of anaesthesia?
What is the expected respiratory rate when an animal is in a light plane of anaesthesia?
What is the expected respiratory rate when an animal is in a light plane of anaesthesia?
During anaesthesia, what does the lack of a palpebral reflex typically indicate?
During anaesthesia, what does the lack of a palpebral reflex typically indicate?
Which method is NOT typically used to monitor the respiratory system during anaesthesia?
Which method is NOT typically used to monitor the respiratory system during anaesthesia?
Signup and view all the answers
What could indicate a change in the depth of anaesthesia based on respiratory patterns?
What could indicate a change in the depth of anaesthesia based on respiratory patterns?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological value indicates hypocapnia?
What physiological value indicates hypocapnia?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a capnograph primarily display?
What does a capnograph primarily display?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about capnometry is true?
Which of the following statements about capnometry is true?
Signup and view all the answers
During the respiratory cycle, what phase follows expiration in terms of monitoring with capnography?
During the respiratory cycle, what phase follows expiration in terms of monitoring with capnography?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal range for end-tidal CO2 (ET CO2) values?
What is the normal range for end-tidal CO2 (ET CO2) values?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus when monitoring the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary focus when monitoring the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which tool is essential for monitoring heart rate and rhythm?
Which tool is essential for monitoring heart rate and rhythm?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the amplitude on an ECG measure?
What does the amplitude on an ECG measure?
Signup and view all the answers
What can capnography measure during cardiovascular monitoring?
What can capnography measure during cardiovascular monitoring?
Signup and view all the answers
What does auscultation primarily assess in cardiovascular monitoring?
What does auscultation primarily assess in cardiovascular monitoring?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT typically monitored in the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is NOT typically monitored in the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of palpation of the apex beat?
What is the significance of palpation of the apex beat?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of an ECG, what does myocardial hypoxia indicate?
In the context of an ECG, what does myocardial hypoxia indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common lead placement for monitoring an ECG?
What is the most common lead placement for monitoring an ECG?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a normal QRS complex indicate?
What does a normal QRS complex indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following components is NOT part of the blood pressure measurement equation?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the blood pressure measurement equation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does MAP stand for, and why is it important?
What does MAP stand for, and why is it important?
Signup and view all the answers
What heart rate change would be classified as 'fast' for most species?
What heart rate change would be classified as 'fast' for most species?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions represents a risk regarding blood pressure during anesthesia?
Which of the following conditions represents a risk regarding blood pressure during anesthesia?
Signup and view all the answers
How is systemic vascular resistance related to blood pressure?
How is systemic vascular resistance related to blood pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What are P waves in an ECG indicative of?
What are P waves in an ECG indicative of?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological condition enhances the ability of deoxygenated hemoglobin to carry carbon dioxide?
What physiological condition enhances the ability of deoxygenated hemoglobin to carry carbon dioxide?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to oxygen release from hemoglobin when there is an increase in carbon dioxide concentration?
What happens to oxygen release from hemoglobin when there is an increase in carbon dioxide concentration?
Signup and view all the answers
What does capnography primarily estimate in relation to respiratory function?
What does capnography primarily estimate in relation to respiratory function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor primarily leads to hypoxaemia in patients?
Which factor primarily leads to hypoxaemia in patients?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a use of capnography?
Which of the following is NOT a use of capnography?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary technology used in pulse oximetry to measure oxygen saturation in blood?
What is the primary technology used in pulse oximetry to measure oxygen saturation in blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with decreased capnography readings due to hypoventilation?
Which condition is associated with decreased capnography readings due to hypoventilation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological effect occurs when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs?
Which physiological effect occurs when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
What can cause an increase in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) readings?
What can cause an increase in end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) readings?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a known source of interference when using pulse oximetry?
Which of the following is a known source of interference when using pulse oximetry?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential technical error that can affect capnography results?
What is a potential technical error that can affect capnography results?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is characterized by increased cardiac output and would likely result in elevated ETCO2?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by increased cardiac output and would likely result in elevated ETCO2?
Signup and view all the answers
In what condition might pulse oximetry overestimate oxygen saturation?
In what condition might pulse oximetry overestimate oxygen saturation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an essential first action if the quality of the pulse oximetry signal is poor?
What is an essential first action if the quality of the pulse oximetry signal is poor?
Signup and view all the answers
In capnography, what does a decrease in ETCO2 typically indicate?
In capnography, what does a decrease in ETCO2 typically indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a typical normal range for blood oxygen saturation?
What is a typical normal range for blood oxygen saturation?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does hypothermia have on capnography readings?
What effect does hypothermia have on capnography readings?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological change occurs with decreased pH levels in tissues?
What physiological change occurs with decreased pH levels in tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect of respiratory monitoring does capnometry NOT provide information about?
Which aspect of respiratory monitoring does capnometry NOT provide information about?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential cause for decreased capnography readings during anesthesia?
What is a potential cause for decreased capnography readings during anesthesia?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Monitoring in Veterinary Anaesthesia
- Monitoring of anaesthetised patients is crucial.
- Physical examination findings aid in assessing the patient.
- Clinical signs are used to assess the depth of anaesthesia.
- Electronic equipment like ECG, pulse oximetry, capnography, and arterial pressure measurement are used.
- Potential sources of error in physiological monitors and their impact on global patient status are important.
- The anaesthetic record is a legal document and should be meticulously filled out.
- Proper monitoring maintains anaesthesia depth, assesses analgesia, and maintains body functions as physiologically normal as possible.
- Identifying changes and issues, evaluating patient response to treatment, and ensuring safety of patients and staff are vital aspects of monitoring.
- The 5 human senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing) are relevant.
- Monitoring equipment forms a critical component.
- The anaesthetic record acts as a crucial legal document and should be complete.
Objectives
- Explain the importance of monitoring anaesthetised patients
- Describe the use and interpretation of physical examination findings in assessing anaesthetised patients.
- Identify clinical signs used to assess anaesthetic depth.
- Describe the use and interpretation of electronic equipment for physiological monitoring, specifically electrocardiography, pulse oximetry, capnography, and arterial pressure measurement.
- Discuss potential sources of error in physiological monitors and their impact on the interpretation of patient status.
- Understand the importance of the anaesthetic record as a legal document.
Aim of Monitoring
- Maintain an adequate depth of anaesthesia.
- Assess adequacy of analgesia.
- Maintain the function of different body systems as physiologically normal as possible.
- Identify changes or issues.
- Evaluate patient response to treatment.
- Ensure staff and patient safety.
- Maintain legal requirements.
Anaesthetic Record
- Legal document that must be completed in its entirety.
- Recording should occur at least every 5 minutes (though continuous monitoring is preferred)
- Any important events during anaesthesia must be recorded.
- The record serves as a future reference for anaesthetic procedures.
Monitoring of the Central Nervous System
- Species differences in monitoring are crucial.
- Eye position, movement, palpebral reflex, lacrimation, and nystagmus are assessed.
- Jaw tone, laryngeal and pharyngeal reflexes are also evaluated.
- Physiological parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure), anal tone, pedal reflex, and righting reflex are important indicators to observe.
- Regular evaluation of trends is essential.
- Assessing the adequate anaesthetic level.
- Inconsistent signs in different species.
- Drug effects (e.g., ketamine).
- Evaluating the patient during the anaesthetic procedure.
Monitoring the Respiratory System
- Respiratory rate and rhythm are critical parameters.
- Capnography and pulse oximetry are necessary for monitoring.
- Colour of mucous membranes provides insights into oxygenation and perfusion status
- Tidal volume measurements help in breathing analysis assessment
- Blood gas analysis provides a comprehensive picture of respiratory function.
Capnography
- Capnography analyzes expired CO2 (end-tidal CO2).
- Respiratory rate (RR) is determined by the analyses.
- Inspired CO2 (FiCO2) levels are assessed.
- Provides a graphical representation of CO2 throughout the respiratory cycle.
- Helps determine alveolar ventilation and metabolism, cardiac output, and respiratory rhythm.
- Identifies issues like ventilation/perfusion mismatch.
Pulse-Oximetry
- Measures the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin.
- Calculates the percentage of oxyhaemoglobin.
- Normal range is between 98-100%.
- Hypoxaemia is identified if SpO2 is between 90-95%.
- Continuous and non-invasive monitoring of oxygenation levels.
- Detects hypoxaemia earlier than observation.
- Can be used on various body parts.
Monitoring the Cardiovascular System
- Monitor tissue oxygen delivery.
- Maintain cardiac output and oxygen saturation.
- Evaluate heart rate and rhythm.
- Assess blood pressure.
- Monitor colour of mucous membranes.
- Palpate peripheral pulses, noting rate, quality, and synchronicity with heartbeats.
- Use of pulse oximetry and capnography/capnometry.
ECG
- 3 leads (+ and - ground leads) are placed for monitoring heart activity.
- Common placement (most effective): lead II which uses left leg and right shoulder,
- Evaluate for artefacts (disturbances of the trace )
- Assess for rhythm and rate
Blood Pressure Measurement
- Blood pressure is force/area of blood flow.
- Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.
- Stroke volume and heart rate affect output
- Preload, afterload, and contractility impact blood pressure.
- Non-invasive methods include oscillometry and high-definition oscillometry
- Invasive methods involve measuring directly in an artery by cannulation
- Consider the species and breed when interpreting measurements
Temperature Monitoring
- Measurement are conducted by rectal, nostril, or oesophageal thermometers.
- Measurement frequency is either continuous or intermittent.
- High risk for hypothermia and hyperthermia are considerations
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on anesthesia monitoring techniques in veterinary practice. This quiz covers key concepts such as respiratory rates, reflexes, and the use of capnographs during anesthesia. Perfect for veterinary students or professionals looking to refresh their understanding.
