58 Questions
What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure in anaesthetised animals?
90-120 mmHg
What is the purpose of capnography?
Measure ventilatory adequacy and confirm perfusion to lungs
What does a capnometer primarily provide values for?
Respiratory rate and end-tidal CO2
What is the most common cause of 0 kPa (60mmHg) reading on a capnometer?
Excessive anaesthetic depth
What is the purpose of pulse oximetry?
Measure oxygenation
What is the purpose of measuring urine output in clinical settings?
Assess renal perfusion
What does the width of the cuff used in oscillometric Doppler measurement depend on?
Limb diameter
What is the purpose of measuring pressure in the vena cava?
Assess cardiac preload
What is the normal range for mean blood pressure in anaesthetised cats?
80-100 mmHg
What is the gold standard for direct measurement of blood pressure?
Cannulation of an artery
Which of the following is a basic principle of anaesthesia monitors?
They provide information about the animal's physiological parameters
What is the main purpose of basic anaesthetic monitoring?
To assess the animal's condition during anaesthesia
What do abnormalities in monitored parameters during anaesthesia imply?
Implications for the anaesthetised animal
Which physiological measures tend to increase at very light planes of anaesthesia but have a very variable and large range?
Heart Rate/Respiratory rate
What is the rationale for basic anaesthetic monitoring?
To recognize values out with the normal range in animals
What information do anaesthesia monitors provide?
Information about the animal's physiological parameters
What are the limitations of anaesthesia monitors?
They may not detect all potential issues
What stage of ether anaesthesia involves Surgical procedures?
Stage 3
What do abnormalities in monitored parameters during anaesthesia imply for the anaesthetised animal?
Implications and potential complications
What is a relatively poor indicator of respiratory adequacy compared to CO2 levels measured by capnography?
Respiratory rate
What does pulse oximetry measure in anesthetized animals breathing 100% oxygen?
SpO2
What is not always a reliable indicator of desaturation, and pulse oximetry is more sensitive for its detection?
Cyanosis
Which technique provides information on respiratory rate and indicates hypo- or hyperventilation under anesthesia?
Capnography
What does legal requirements mandate during anesthesia?
Monitoring trends
What does good interpretation of monitoring data not substitute for?
Basic monitoring
What is not always equal to good blood pressure, as pulse pressure does not reflect absolute values?
Pulse palpation
Which measure should be above 90% in animals breathing room air?
SpO2
What does capnography measure in animals with normal lungs?
End-tidal CO2
What is required above an EtCO2 of 8?
Action
What is the proposed stage of ether anaesthesia that is less relevant now with modern anaesthetic drugs?
Delirium
What does capnography primarily measure in animals with normal lungs?
CO2 levels
What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure in anaesthetised animals?
80-100 mmHg
What is the purpose of measuring pressure in the vena cava?
Assessing fluid status
What is the gold standard for direct measurement of blood pressure?
Direct arterial measurement
What is the purpose of pulse oximetry?
Measuring oxygen saturation
What is the main purpose of basic anaesthetic monitoring?
Detecting and responding to adverse events
What does good interpretation of monitoring data not substitute for?
Clinical judgment
What is the purpose of capnography?
Measuring CO2 levels
What is the most common cause of 0 kPa (60mmHg) reading on a capnometer?
Rebreathing of CO2 (problem with anaesthetic breathing system)
What does a cuff placed over a peripheral artery in oscillometric Doppler measurement sense?
Oscillations
What is the normal range for mean blood pressure in anaesthetised cats?
$> 60 mmHg$
What is the purpose of measuring pressure in the vena cava?
Acts as an indirect measure of cardiac preload
What is the purpose of capnography?
Adequacy of ventilation (CO2)
What physiological measure tends to increase at very light planes of anaesthesia but has a very variable and large range?
Pulse pressure
What does a capnometer primarily provide values for?
RR/EtCO2
What is the purpose of measuring urine output in clinical settings?
Renal perfusion is required for the production of urine
What is required above an EtCO2 of 8?
Adequate ventilation
What is the gold standard for direct measurement of blood pressure?
Cannulation of an artery
Which technique provides information on respiratory rate and indicates hypo- or hyperventilation under anesthesia?
Capnography
What is the normal range for mean blood pressure in anaesthetised cats?
90 - 150 mmHg
What measure should be above 90% in animals breathing room air?
SpO2
What does cyanosis indicate?
Desaturation
What is the most common cause of a 0 kPa (60mmHg) reading on a capnometer?
Hypoventilation
What is the purpose of measuring urine output in clinical settings?
To monitor hydration status
What does good interpretation of monitoring data not substitute for?
Clinical judgment
What is the purpose of pulse oximetry?
To monitor oxygen saturation
What is not always equal to good blood pressure, as pulse pressure does not reflect absolute values?
Pulse oximetry
What is the normal range for systolic blood pressure in anaesthetised dogs?
90 - 140 mmHg
Study Notes
Veterinary Anaesthesia Monitoring Techniques and Considerations
- Monitoring depth of anesthesia involves observing eye reflexes, position, jaw tone, and eye movements, and it can be measured by watching the chest and the breathing system's reservoir bag.
- Respiratory rate is 8-20 for dogs and 15-30 for cats, but it is a relatively poor indicator of respiratory adequacy compared to CO2 levels measured by capnography.
- Pulse palpation of auricular, lingual, brachial, metacarpal, femoral, coccygeal, and dorsal pedal arteries provides information on peripheral perfusion and heart rate.
- Good pulses do not always equal good blood pressure, as pulse pressure does not reflect absolute values, and arrhythmias may be detected as "dropped beats".
- Legal requirements mandate monitoring trends, recording drugs/interventions, and identifying complications during anesthesia.
- Good interpretation of monitoring data is essential, as additional monitoring may increase anesthesia time and is not a substitute for basic monitoring.
- Monitoring techniques include respiratory pulse oximetry, capnography, ECG, blood pressure, urine output, and arterial blood gas analysis.
- Pulse oximetry measures SpO2, which should be above 90% in animals breathing room air and above 95% in anesthetized animals breathing 100% oxygen.
- Factors affecting pulse oximetry readings include pigmented skin, movement, compression of the vascular bed, ambient light, and various health conditions.
- Cyanosis, the blue color of arterial blood when deoxyhemoglobin is present, is not always a reliable indicator of desaturation, and pulse oximetry is more sensitive for its detection.
- Capnography measures end-tidal CO2, with normal values of 4.6 – 6 kPa in animals with normal lungs, providing information on respiratory rate and indicating hypo- or hyperventilation under anesthesia.
- Mainstream and sidestream analyzers provide different information, such as respiratory rate, EtCO2, inspired CO2, and "the trace", and action is required above an EtCO2 of 8.
Veterinary Anaesthesia Monitoring Techniques and Considerations
- Monitoring depth of anesthesia involves observing eye reflexes, position, jaw tone, and eye movements, and it can be measured by watching the chest and the breathing system's reservoir bag.
- Respiratory rate is 8-20 for dogs and 15-30 for cats, but it is a relatively poor indicator of respiratory adequacy compared to CO2 levels measured by capnography.
- Pulse palpation of auricular, lingual, brachial, metacarpal, femoral, coccygeal, and dorsal pedal arteries provides information on peripheral perfusion and heart rate.
- Good pulses do not always equal good blood pressure, as pulse pressure does not reflect absolute values, and arrhythmias may be detected as "dropped beats".
- Legal requirements mandate monitoring trends, recording drugs/interventions, and identifying complications during anesthesia.
- Good interpretation of monitoring data is essential, as additional monitoring may increase anesthesia time and is not a substitute for basic monitoring.
- Monitoring techniques include respiratory pulse oximetry, capnography, ECG, blood pressure, urine output, and arterial blood gas analysis.
- Pulse oximetry measures SpO2, which should be above 90% in animals breathing room air and above 95% in anesthetized animals breathing 100% oxygen.
- Factors affecting pulse oximetry readings include pigmented skin, movement, compression of the vascular bed, ambient light, and various health conditions.
- Cyanosis, the blue color of arterial blood when deoxyhemoglobin is present, is not always a reliable indicator of desaturation, and pulse oximetry is more sensitive for its detection.
- Capnography measures end-tidal CO2, with normal values of 4.6 – 6 kPa in animals with normal lungs, providing information on respiratory rate and indicating hypo- or hyperventilation under anesthesia.
- Mainstream and sidestream analyzers provide different information, such as respiratory rate, EtCO2, inspired CO2, and "the trace", and action is required above an EtCO2 of 8.
Test your knowledge of veterinary anesthesia monitoring techniques and considerations with this quiz. Explore topics such as monitoring depth of anesthesia, respiratory rate, pulse palpation, legal requirements, monitoring data interpretation, and various monitoring techniques including pulse oximetry, capnography, ECG, blood pressure, and arterial blood gas analysis.
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