Veterinary Anatomy: Lung and Kidney Structure

Lung Structure

• Left lung consists of cranial and caudal lobes.
• Right lung has cranial, middle, and caudal lobes.
• Some variations exist, such as the presence of an accessory lobe in the right lung.

Kidney Structure in Horses

• Horse kidneys exhibit unique shapes: the right is heart-shaped and the left is bean-shaped.
• Abnormal shapes, like irregularly oval and lobated, are also observed.

Mare's Ovaries

• The bean-shaped appearance of a mare's ovaries is attributed to the ovulation fossa, a specific region important for ovulation.

Uterine Characteristics in Domestic Animals

• Pigs have a uterus characterized by long cervix and short body with long horns.
• Uterus develops from paramesonephric ducts, similar to salpinx and vagina.
• Cervical folds vary by species: longitudinal in mare, cat, and dog; circular in pig; interdigitating in cow.
• Uterine wall features caruncles for attachment of embryonic cotyledons during pregnancy.

Pancreatic Duct Structures

• Domestic animals present varied pancreatic duct structures, which are crucial for accurate veterinary diagnosis.

Growth Plate Ossification

• Cattle growth plates completely ossify by 20 months of age.

Pancreas Functions

• The pancreas' primary endocrine functions reside in the Islets of Langerhans.
• Beta cells secrete insulin in response to hypoglycemia.
• D cells inhibit secretions from Alpha and Beta cells.
• Digestive enzymes are produced by pancreatic acinar cells.

Liver Phagocytic Cells

• Kupffer cells are the primary phagocytic cells found in the liver.

Endothelium

• Special simple squamous epithelium lining blood vessels, including the heart, is known as endothelium.

Red Blood Cell Size

• Caprine species have the smallest average size of red blood cells compared to equine, canine, and bovine species.

Ovarian Structure in Domestic Animals

• In most domestic animals, the cortex is peripheral and the medulla is central.
• Sows are unique as their cortex and medulla are arranged in reverse.

Estrous Cycle Stages in Bitches

• Vaginal cytology with cornified cells and pyknotic nuclei indicates the estrus stage.

Ovarian Follicle Events Sequence

• The correct sequence of ovarian follicle development is Graafian follicle > corpus luteum > corpus hemorrhagicum.

Heart Conditions in Pigs

• Ascites in piglets often suggests right side heart failure is the most affected area.

Rodent Uterus Structure

• Rodent and rabbit uteri are characterized by completely separated uterine horns and separate cervices, described as duplex.

Ruminant Dental Formula

• Ruminants typically have a dental formula of 0/3, 0/1, 3/3, 3/3.

Chicken Digestive System

• Chickens possess a proventriculus, which is the true stomach where digestive enzymes are secreted.

Chicken Oviduct Shell Gland

• The uterus, part of the chicken oviduct, is responsible for adding the shell to the egg.

Lack of Seminal Vesicles

• Cats and horses lack seminal vesicles, while cattle and goats possess them.

Notocord Derivatives

• The intervertebral disc arises from the notochord during embryonic development.

Cattle Placentation

• Cattle exhibit multicotyledonary, syndesmochorial placentation patterns and are classified as deciduate.

Embryonic Cleaving Events

• Cleavage refers to embryonic mitotic division where total size remains constant across daughter cells.

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the lungs and kidneys in horses. This quiz covers the specific lobes of the left and right lungs, as well as the essential kidney structures necessary for assessment. Perfect for students and professionals in veterinary medicine.