Veterinary Anatomy: Mock GA
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epaxial muscle systems?

  • To rotate the vertebral column
  • To extend the vertebral column (correct)
  • To flex the vertebral column
  • To stabilize the vertebral column

    • Which of the following vertebral groups can be distinguished by its unique characteristics?

  • Cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, and sacral
  • Cervical, lumbar, and cranial thoracic
  • Lumbar, sacral, and caudal thoracic
  • Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the hypaxial muscles?

  • To flex the vertebral column (correct)
  • To extend the vertebral column
  • To move the limbs
  • To rotate the vertebral column

    • What is the name of the joint that connects the atlas (C1) to the occipital bone?

    <p>Atlanto-occipital joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vertebrae has a unique characteristic?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space that contains the cervical viscera?

    <p>Cervical visceral space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ligaments that support the vertebral column?

    <p>To stabilize the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the epaxial muscles?

    <p>Flexion of the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bone that connects the thoracic vertebrae to the ribs?

    <p>Sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the thirteenth rib?

    <p>It is a floating rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the junction between the bony and cartilaginous parts of a rib?

    <p>Costochondral junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs do horses have?

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the sternum that is an easily palpable landmark?

    <p>Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the joint responsible for 'Yes' head movement?

    <p>Atlanto-occipital joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the spaces between the ribs?

    <p>Intercostal spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the first nine pairs of ribs?

    <p>They articulate directly with the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bony prominence on the axis?

    <p>Dens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sternebra that forms the upper part of the sternum?

    <p>Manubrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the transverse ligament of the atlas?

    <p>To prevent the dens from projecting dorsally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer part of the intervertebral disc composed of?

    <p>Annulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are formed between the articular processes of the vertebrae?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the apices of all spinous processes?

    <p>Supraspinous ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cranial continuation of the supraspinous ligament?

    <p>Nuchal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inner part of the intervertebral disc composed of?

    <p>Nucleus pulposus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the apical and alar ligaments of the dens?

    <p>To stabilize the dens within the fovea dentis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the nuchal ligament extend to in the large animal?

    <p>The nuchal crest of the occipital bone of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the transverse ligament of the atlas?

    <p>Internal wall of the vertebral foramen of the atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plural term for 'vertebra'?

    <p>Vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones are NOT part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Bones of the upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vertebral formula for the dog and cat?

    <p>C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd ~20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vertebral arch?

    <p>To protect the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cranial articular surface of a vertebral body?

    <p>Convex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the floor of the vertebral foramen?

    <p>Dorsal aspect of the vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the resultant alignment of the vertebral foramina when the vertebrae are articulated?

    <p>Vertebral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the vertebral arch?

    <p>Vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vertebral formula for the horse?

    <p>C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd ~20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the correct vertebral formula to the correct species

    <p>Horse = C7-T18-L6-S5-Cd 20 Bovine = C7-T13-L6-S5- Cd 20 Dog = C7-T13-L7-S3- Cd 20 Cat = C7-T13-L7-S3- Cd 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adjacent vertebral bodies, with the exception of ___ and ____, are connected via intervertebral discs

    <p>C1 , C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The caudal articular surface of the vertebral body is convex

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebral arch consists of right and left _________. Select all that apply.

    <p>Pedicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical vertebra does NOT have a spinous process, but does posses a dorsal tubercle?

    <p>C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the correct statement.

    <p>Cranial to the anticlinal vertebra, the spines incline caudally; and caudal to the anticlinal vertebra, the spines incline cranially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons originate from?

    <p>Thoracolumbar region of spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons to the sympathetic ganglia?

    <p>Via the rami communicantes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the post-ganglionic fiber/axon?

    <p>To travel to the target organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons synapse?

    <p>At one of the sympathetic ganglia, including the cranial cervical ganglion or celiac ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the neuron cell bodies that give rise to sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons?

    <p>In the lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the pre-ganglionic neuron cell bodies located in the parasympathetic nervous system? (Select all that apply)

    <p>In the lateral region of the sacral segment of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of pre-ganglionic fibers exiting the brain in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Cranial Nerve X (vagus nerve) only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the destination of the dorsal vagal trunk in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Celiacomesenteric plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the parasympathetic ganglia and post-ganglionic nerves located in relation to the target organ?

    <p>Within the target organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of pre-ganglionic fibers exiting the sacral spinal cord in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>They join the pelvic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the celiac branch of the dorsal vagal trunk in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To transmit parasympathetic signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the parasympathetic ganglia and post-ganglionic nerves in terms of visibility?

    <p>They will never be seen with the naked eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cervicothoracic ganglion connects with the ____________- ___________ chain of ganglia

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is FALSE in regards to the ansa subclavia?

    <p>It’s part of the parasympathetic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All autonomic ganglia observed in lab are going to be sympathetic.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ryan Gosling walks into the room and your heart starts racing.. what nerve is responsible for the antagonistic response to this?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The R & L phrenic nerve will synapse at the paravertebral chain before reaching the diaphragm

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only nerve that supplies somatic motor innervation to the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The R & L recurrent laryngeal nerves can be seen lying next to the trachea, and contains pre-synaptic fibers at that level

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the canine, the heart lies at an angle between intercostal spaces 3-6.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following represents the correct flow of blood in the heart?

    <p>Right SL valve— pulmonary arteries— lungs — pulmonary veins— left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Papillary muscles are attached to the AV valve via the

    <p>Chordae tendinae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the funnel shaped part of the right ventricle?

    <p>Conus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nutritional blood supply to the heart?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patent ductus arteriosus occurs when the foramen ovals fails to close after birth, forming a “common atrium” in the adult.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match to the appropriate description

    <p>Visceral Pleura = Directly on lungs Pleural cavity = Space between visceral/parietal pleura Parietal pleura = outer wall Mediastinum = Space between left/right pleural cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bronchial tree is supplied by the __________

    <p>Bronchoesophageal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebral arch is formed by the ________ and __________

    <p>The vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles (walls) and the laminate (roof)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transverse foramina is noted between ____ and _______ for vertebral VANS to pass through

    <p>C1-C6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spinal cord reside?

    <p>It resides in the vertebral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal nerves, veins and arteries go through this structure.

    <p>The intervertebral foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics about the atlas is FALSE.

    <p>The dorsal processes are known as the wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the axis articulates with the atlas?

    <p>The dens of the axis articulates with the atlas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ligaments and/or joints to correct definition.

    <p>Transverse ligament of atlas = between wings of atlas, holds the dens down Apical ligament of the dens = Dens to skull Alar ligament = Dens to skull: “wings” Atlanto-occipital joint = Responsible for yes joint; impo for CSF sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What articulation on C7 articulates with the first ribs?

    <p>caudal costal fovea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ of each rib articulates with the ___________ process of the ___________ number vertebrae

    <p>The tubercle of each rib articulates with the transverse process of the same number vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The deep inguinal ring is made of 3 out of 4 abdominal muscles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 abdominal muscles that make up the deep inguinal ring?

    <p>The internal abdominal oblique, the rectus abdominal and the inguinal ligament make up the deep inguinal ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inguinal ligament is made by the ____________

    <p>External abdominal oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rectus abdominal doesn’t always contribute to the prepubic tendon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The statement DRESS to inspire allows us to remember that the muscles for inspiration are ______________

    <p>The muscles for inspiration are the diaphragm, rectus thoracis m, external intercostal m., scalenus m and the serratus dorsal is cranial is m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The statement SIT And breathe out allow us to remember that the muscles for expiration are ___________

    <p>Serratus dorsalis caudalis m, internal intercostal m., transverse thoracis m. and abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the right coronary artery arise from?

    <p>Right aortic sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures run through the aortic hiatus? Select all that apply

    <p>Thoracic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Axial Musculoskeletal Structures and Body Wall

    Bones and Joints of the Axial Skeleton

    • Axial skeleton: skeletal elements located along the axis of the body, includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax (sternum and ribs)
    • Vertebral formula:
    • Dog and cat: C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd ~20
    • Horse: C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd ~20
    • Ox: C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd ~20

    Typical Features of Vertebrae

    • Vertebral body:
    • Cranial articular surface is convex
    • Caudal articular surface is concave
    • Adjacent vertebral bodies, except C1 and C2, are connected via intervertebral discs
    • Vertebral arch:
    • Arches dorsally from the vertebral body to cover the spinal cord and create the vertebral foramen
    • Consists of right and left pedicles (lateral walls of the vertebral foramen) and laminae (roof of the vertebral foramen)

    Ribs and Sternum

    • Ribs:
    • Dogs, cats, and ox have 13 pairs of ribs; horses have 18 pairs
    • Each rib has a head, neck, tubercle, and body
    • The bony part of a rib has a costochondral junction, where the cartilaginous part (costal cartilage) extends ventrally and articulates with the sternum
    • Sternum:
    • Comprised of eight sternebrae joined by cartilages
    • Manubrium (first sternebra) and xiphoid process (last sternebra) are easily palpable landmarks

    Joints and Ligaments of the Vertebral Column

    • Atlanto-occipital joint:
    • Between the occipital bone of the skull and the atlas
    • Responsible for "Yes" head movement
    • Atlantoaxial joint:
    • Between the atlas and axis
    • Fovea dentis of the atlas and dens of the axis are involved in this joint
    • Transverse ligament of the atlas:
    • Attaches to the internal wall of the vertebral foramen of the atlas on both sides
    • Passes dorsal to the dens and stabilizes it within the fovea dentis
    • Apical and alar ligaments of the dens:
    • Support the dens within the fovea dentis
    • Intervertebral discs:
    • Between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
    • Composed of an annulus fibrosus (outer circumferential collagenous fibers) and a nucleus pulposus (inner gelatinous core)

    Ligaments of the Vertebral Column and Ribs

    • Supraspinous ligament:
    • Connects the apices of all spinous processes from T1 to the caudal vertebrae
    • Nuchal ligament:
    • Cranial continuation of the supraspinous ligament
    • Extends from the spinous process of thoracic vertebra 1 (T1) to the caudal aspect of the spine of the axis (C2) in the dog
    • In large animals, extends to the nuchal crest of the occipital bone of the skull

    Epaxial and Hypaxial Musculature

    • Epaxial muscles:
    • Three systems: splenius, semispinalis capitis, and transversospinalis
    • Action: flex or extend the vertebral column
    • Location: medial, intermediate, and lateral regions along the vertebral column
    • Hypaxial muscles:
    • Location: ventral to the vertebral bodies and vertebral transverse processes
    • Action: compare size, location, and actions to epaxial muscles

    Origin of Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Originates from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord, not the brain or sacral region.

    Pathway of Pre-Ganglionic Axons

    • Pre-ganglionic axons extend from neuron cell bodies located in the lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
    • These axons course to the sympathetic trunk/chain of ganglia via the rami communicantes (communicating branches).

    Synapse of Pre-Ganglionic Axons

    • Pre-ganglionic axons synapse at one of the sympathetic ganglia, which may include:
      • One of the ganglia along the sympathetic chain.
      • Cranial cervical ganglion (located at the base of the skull).
      • Cervicothoracic ganglion.
      • Middle cervical ganglion.
      • Celiac, cranial mesenteric, or caudal mesenteric ganglia (located in the abdomen).

    Post-Ganglionic Fibers

    • Post-ganglionic fibers/axons travel to the target organ, which can be:
      • Smooth muscle.
      • Cardiac muscle.
      • Gland.

    Pre-ganglionic Neuron Cell Bodies

    • Located in one of two places: brain or lateral region of sacral segment of spinal cord
    • Example of brain location: origin of cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)

    Pre-ganglionic Fibers

    • Exiting sacral spinal cord:
      • Course in ventral root of sacral spinal nerve
      • Join the pelvic nerve
    • Exiting brain:
      • Course in Cranial Nerve X (vagus nerve)
      • Form right and left vagosympathetic trunks
      • Form right and left vagus nerves
      • Form right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves (mostly somatic fibers)
      • Form dorsal and ventral branches of vagus nerves
      • Form dorsal and ventral vagal trunks that travel with esophagus through esophageal hiatus into abdominal cavity

    Dorsal Vagal Trunk

    • Gives off celiac branch (pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers) to celiacomesenteric plexus

    Parasympathetic Ganglia and Post-ganglionic Nerves

    • Not visible with the naked eye in this course
    • Synapse and post-synaptic cell located within target organ

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    Module 5: Axial Musculoskeletal Structures and Body Wall PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the axial skeleton, bones, and joints of the vertebral column, thorax, skull, VANS and heart in animals. Learn about the vertebral formula, typical features of vertebrae, and more.

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