Axial Skeleton Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of intervertebral discs in a typical vertebra?

  • Facilitate articulation with ribs
  • House the spinal cord
  • Connect adjacent vertebral bodies (correct)
  • Anchor the vertebrae to the sternum

    • Which of the following is NOT a part of the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra?

  • Laminae
  • Pedicles
  • Intervertebral discs (correct)
  • Spinous process

    • Where are the spinal nerves and blood vessels typically located in relation to the vertebrae?

  • In between the spinous processes
  • Within the intervertebral foramen (correct)
  • Around the articular processes
  • Within the vertebral canal

    • What is the main function of epaxial muscles in the axial skeleton?

    <p>Extend the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical vertebra, what is the main function of articular processes?

    <p>Facilitate articulation with ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hypaxial and epaxial muscles?

    <p>Function of flexing vs. extending the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus pulposus?

    <p>To act as a shock absorber and spread the load evenly between the bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is a cranial extension of the supraspinous ligament?

    <p>Nuchal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the dorsal longitudinal ligament located?

    <p>On the dorsal surface of the vertebral bodies, ventral to the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is described as broad bands between the spinous processes and between the transverse processes?

    <p>Intertransverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the ventral longitudinal ligament located?

    <p>On the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>To articulate with the tubercles of the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the sacrum is correct?

    <p>The cranial ventral lip of its body is called the sacral promontory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hemal arch in the caudal vertebrae?

    <p>To protect the tail vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the intervertebral disc is incorrect?

    <p>It is present between C1 and C2 vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae?

    <p>To provide attachment points for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc is correct?

    <p>It is composed of collagenous fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebra has a prominent spinous process and articulates with the atlas via the dens?

    <p>C2 (Axis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint allows only extension and flexion (nodding "yes") movement?

    <p>Atlanto-occipital joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament holds the dens against the atlas?

    <p>Transverse ligament of the atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebra has a costal fovea for articulation with the first rib?

    <p>C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sternebrae (segments of the sternum) are present in the dog?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which ribs does the head articulate with the vertebral body cranial to that rib?

    <p>Ribs 1-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sacral promontory?

    <p>It is the cranial ventral lip of the sacrum's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the anulus fibrosus is correct?

    <p>It consists of circumferential collagenous fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hemal arch in the caudal vertebrae?

    <p>To protect the tail vessels in the caudal region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae is correct?

    <p>They are large and prominent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral sacral foramina?

    <p>To allow for the passage of spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the caudal vertebrae is correct?

    <p>The first few resemble typical vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atlantoaxial joint?

    <p>To allow rotary movements along the long axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the atlas (C1) vertebra is correct?

    <p>It has transverse processes referred to as wings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the thoracic vertebrae is incorrect?

    <p>They have transverse foramina for the vertebral artery and vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which ribs does the head articulate with the vertebral body of the same number?

    <p>Ribs 1-13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vertebrae has a costal fovea for articulation with the first rib?

    <p>C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are present in the dog?

    <p>13 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus pulposus?

    <p>To act as a shock absorber and spread the load evenly between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament courses dorsally along the spinous processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Supraspinous ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal species is the nuchal ligament not present?

    <p>Both b and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ventral longitudinal ligament?

    <p>To provide structural support and resist compressive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments are described as broad bands between the spinous processes and between the transverse processes?

    <p>Interspinous and intertransverse ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vertebral formula for the dog?

    <p>C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca 20-23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the distinguishing features of the atlas (C1) vertebra?

    <p>It lacks a vertebral body and spinous process, but has large wing-like transverse processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the transverse processes in the thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>To allow articulation with the ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the intervertebral foramen is correct?

    <p>It allows the passage of spinal nerves and blood vessels laterally between adjacent vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?

    <p>To allow articulation between adjacent vertebrae and facilitate spinal flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between epaxial and hypaxial muscles in the axial skeleton?

    <p>Epaxial muscles are located dorsally and extend the vertebral column, while hypaxial muscles are located ventrally and flex the vertebral column.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vertebral formula for the dog?

    <p>C7 T12 L7 S3 Ca20-23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the transverse processes in the thoracic vertebrae?

    <p>To allow articulation with the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atlantoaxial joint?

    <p>To allow for rotation of the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra?

    <p>Vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between epaxial and hypaxial muscles in the axial skeleton?

    <p>Epaxial muscles are located dorsal to the vertebral column, while hypaxial muscles are located ventral to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?

    <p>To provide cushioning and shock absorption between adjacent vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is allowed at the atlanto-occipital joint?

    <p>Extension and flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vertebra has transverse foramina in the transverse processes for the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve?

    <p>C1 (Atlas)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the costal fovea present in C7 vertebra?

    <p>Articulation with ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which joint can rotary movement along the long axis occur?

    <p>Atlantoaxial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae when comparing spinous and transverse processes?

    <p>Short spinous processes due to articulation with ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are typically present in a dog's thoracic region?

    <p>13 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus pulposus?

    <p>To act as a shock absorber and spread the load evenly between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is a cranial extension of the supraspinous ligament?

    <p>Nuchal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal species is the nuchal ligament not present?

    <p>Cat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the ventral longitudinal ligament located?

    <p>On the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligaments are described as broad bands between the spinous processes and between the transverse processes?

    <p>Interspinous and intertransverse ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tubercles of the ribs?

    <p>To articulate with the transverse processes of the corresponding thoracic vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the sacrum is correct?

    <p>The cranial ventral lip of its body is called the sacral promontory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?

    <p>To allow for shock absorption and flexibility between vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc is correct?

    <p>It is composed of circumferential collagenous fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral sacral foramina?

    <p>To allow passage of spinal nerves and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the caudal vertebrae is correct?

    <p>The first few caudal vertebrae resemble typical vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Axial Skeleton

    • Vertebral formula for the dog: C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca 20-23
    • Features of a typical vertebra:
      • Vertebral body
      • Intervertebral discs are located between adjacent bodies
      • Vertebral arch consists of pedicles (walls) and laminae (roof)
      • Vertebral foramen surrounded by arch and dorsal surface of body
      • Processes: spinous process, transverse processes, articular processes

    Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

    • C1 (Atlas):
      • Large transverse processes (wings)
      • No spinous process
    • C2 (Axis):
      • Prominent spinous process
      • Dens articulates with atlas
    • C3-C6:
      • More typical vertebrae
      • Short spinous processes
      • Transverse foramen present in transverse processes of C1-C6
    • C7:
      • No transverse foramen
      • Has a costal fovea for articulation with the 1st rib

    Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T13)

    • Long spinous processes
    • Short transverse processes due to articulation with ribs
    • Costal foveae on bodies and transverse processes for articulation with ribs

    Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L7)

    • Large bodies
    • Large transverse processes
    • Prominent spinous processes

    Sacrum (S1-S3)

    • Fused S1-S3 vertebrae
    • Articulates with ilium
    • Cranial ventral lip of the body is called the sacral promontory
    • Fused transverse processes
    • Sacral foramen for nerves instead of intervertebral foramina

    Caudal/Coccygeal Vertebrae (Ca1-Ca20-23)

    • First few caudal vertebrae look like typical vertebrae
    • Then become more rod-shaped
    • Hemal arch located on Ca4-Ca6 - Protects tail vessels

    Intervertebral Disc

    • Located between vertebral bodies (except at C1-C2 and in the sacrum)
    • Fibrocartilaginous structure
    • Two parts:
      • Anulus fibrosus (outer circumferential collagenous fibers)
      • Nucleus pulposus (inner gelatinous core)

    Ligaments Associated with the Atlas and Axis

    • Transverse ligament of the atlas - holds dens against the atlas
    • Supraspinous ligament - courses dorsally along the spinous processes of T1-Ca3 vertebrae
    • Nuchal ligament - cranial extension of the supraspinous ligament
    • Interspinous and intertransverse ligaments

    Joints and Ligaments Associated with the Vertebrae

    • Atlanto-occipital joint (between occipital condyles of skull and atlas (C1)) - allows extension and flexion only
    • Atlantoaxial joint (between atlas (C1) and axis (C2)) - rotary movement along the long axis

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    Description

    Learn about the vertebral formula, features of a typical vertebra, differences between vertebral foramen, vertebral canal, and intervertebral foramen, distinguishing features of vertebrae in different body regions, joints and ligaments associated with vertebrae, and articulation of ribs with vertebrae.

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