26 Questions
What is the primary cause of venous disorders like varicose veins?
Damage to vein valves leading to backflow of blood
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of an aortic aneurysm?
Rupture of an aortic aneurysm typically causes slight bleeding
What is the primary cause of dissecting aneurysms?
Defect in the medial layer of the artery due to turbulent blood flow
What is the primary diagnostic test used to identify aortic aneurysms?
Doppler studies (ultrasonography)
What is the most common treatment for varicose veins?
All of the above
Which type of shock is primarily caused by a decrease in circulating blood volume?
Hypovolemic shock
What is the primary complication of prolonged shock?
Multiple organ failure and death
What is the primary cause of cardiogenic shock?
Weakening of the heart's contractile force
What is the primary cause of obstructive shock?
Interference with blood flow through the heart
What is the primary cause of septic shock?
Endotoxin release from bacterial infection
What is the specific defect that leads to right ventricular hypertrophy in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Which category of hypertension is considered a true emergency due to extremely high blood pressure levels?
Malignant hypertension
What is the key sign of hypertension that is often called the 'silent killer'?
Consistently elevated blood pressure
Which population group has a higher prevalence of hypertension and earlier onset according to the text?
African Americans
What is the main issue caused by pulmonary valve stenosis in Tetralogy of Fallot?
Right-to-left shunt of blood through VSD
What surgical procedure is mentioned as an option for patients with aortic valve stenosis that involves smaller incisions instead of 'cracking the chest'?
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
What is the most common congenital heart defect known as?
Ventricular Septal Defect
In Ventricular Septal Defect, what happens when there are large openings in the interventricular septum?
Reduced cardiac output
What can untreated Ventricular Septal Defect lead to?
Cyanosis
What is the main issue with valvular incompetence?
Reduced stroke volume
What is the effect of mitral valve prolapse on heart efficiency?
Reduces cardiac output
What happens when there is narrowing of the aortic valve?
Aortic stenosis
What causes pulmonary hypertension in Ventricular Septal Defect?
'Left to right' blood shunt
What is the main treatment for Ventricular Septal Defect?
'Medication and surgery'
'Mitral valve prolapse' is characterized by which of the following features?
'Balloon backward' of valve leaflets
'Valvular defects' frequently result in which of the following?
'Valve narrowing'
Learn about the most common congenital heart defect, often referred to as a 'hole in the heart', where there is an opening in the interventricular septum. Discover how different sizes of defects can impact cardiac function and increase the risk of complications.
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